User:Alansplodge/sandbox

Wikipedia:Obtaining geographic coordinates

• INAUGURATING A NEW REIGN: PLANNING FOR ACCESSION AND CORONATION

Undiscovered Zhoushan: Dongji Islands

East Pole Islands or Dongji Dao

Qingbangdao

Nimori Genichiro

Lisbon Maru (りすぼん丸) was a Japanese freighter which was used as a troopship and prisoner-of-war transport between China and Japan. On 1 October 1942, while carrying almost 2,000 British and Commonwealth prisoners, she was torpedoed by a US Navy submarine and sank the following day. More than 800 of these men died, many of whom were shot or otherwise killed by the Japanese while they were seeking rescue.

After the capture of Hong Kong by the Imperial Japanese Army on 25 December 1941, some 11,000 British, Canadian, Indian and locally recruited troops became prisoners of war. During 1942, the Japanese found that they had a worsening shortage of labour in their home islands, so they began the transfer of Allied prisoners of war to Japan for forced labour in mines, construction, industry and agriculture.

References

Anthony Eden; "The uniform is to consist of one suit of overalls of design similar to that of battle dress, a field service cap, and an armlet bearing the letters 'L.D.V.'".

Anthony Eden; "I am glad to be able to inform my hon. Friend that members of the Home Guard are to be supplied with boots."

Weapons

Fleming, Peter Operation Sea Lion: Hitler's Plot to Invade England (p. 200) - initial organisation and improvised weapons.

Ralph Eastwood

Robert Bridgeman, 2nd Viscount Bridgeman

he Defence of the United Kingdom (History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series)

References

Jackson, Robert (2013), Churchill's Channel War: 1939-45, Osprey Publishing, ISBN: 9781472800671

Jewell, Brian (1981), British Battledress, 1937-61, Osprey Publishing, ISBN 0-85045-387-9 (p. 6)]

Lords of Parliament: Manners, Rituals and Politics By Emma Crewe

Comparison 1911 & 1937 Naval Reviews

1911 Empire Parliamentary Association

Boy Scouts help line the route

Osprey - Men at Arms 107 - British Infantry Equipment (1)

MissSmithandherfamily.pdf - Colchester Castle

Background

The British corps, under the command of Lieutenant-General Sir Ralph Abercromby, had been sent to Egypt to remove the French garrison from the region, following Napoleon's departure in August 1799. On 1 March 1801, the British corps, originally consisting of 15,300 men but much affected by disease, carried by a fleet of 175 ships, arrived at the natural harbour of Abu Qir, (known to the British as "Aboukir Bay"), some 23 kilometres (14 miles) from the port city of Alexandria. On 8 March, the British vanguard of 5,500 came ashore by boat, opposed by a French force of some 2,000 drawn up on the sand dunes overlooking the landing beach, an action known as the Second Battle of Abukir. The French were forced to retreat and the whole British corps had landed by nightfall.

Having established a depot and field hospital on the beach, the British besieged and captured Aboukir Castle from the French and began a cautious advance towards Alexandria along the narrow isthmus between the sea and Lake Aboukir, also known as "Lake Maadie". By 12 March, the British had reached a feature called Mandora Tower, where they made camp for the night.

End of the Affair: The Collapse of the Anglo-French Alliance, 1939-40 By Eleanor M. Gates

Duke of Brunswick The Edinburgh Annual Register for 1809

Tour through the Eastern counties of England, 1722, by Defoe, Daniel

SAINTS’ RELICS IN MEDIEVAL ENGLISH LITERATURE Pilgrimage in England

Pilgrimage in Medieval England

Christian pilgrimage was an important feature of religion in Medieval England. Pilgrims travelled to venerate shrines, relics or artistic depictions of Jesus or the saints, which they believed would bring physical healing or forgiveness of sin. The practice of pilgrimage ended with the Reformation in England.

BEF Air Component

• The Development of British Tactical Air Power, 1940-1943: A History of Army ... By Matthew Powell

• The RAF in the Battle of France and the Battle of Britain by Greg Baughen.

Timeline of British Army uniforms and equipment

This is a Timeline of British Army uniforms and equipment. For an overview, see History of the British Army

17th Century

Main articles: English Army and Royal Scots Army

• 1645: the New Model Army of England was created by Parliament in the English Civil War. The regiments of foot were provided with red coats using Venetian red which was the least expensive dye.
• 1660: the Restoration of the monarchy established a standing English army; colonels of regiments made their own arrangements for the manufacture of uniforms under their command; red was the commonest colour, although blue and grey continued in use until the end of the century. Musketeers wore leather buff coats over their jackets and a large-brimmed hat, often turned up on one side; pikemen wore a cuirass and morion helmet. Some dragoon regiments wore fur caps. Officers were distinguished by ribbons on their coats and ostrich feathers in their hats. Hair was worn shoulder-length by ordinary soldiers, while officers wore a peruke, a long curled wig.
• 1678: grenadiers were introduced to infantry regiments, distinguished by a fur-trimmed cap.

18th century

Main article: British soldiers in the eighteenth century

• 1707: establishment of a Board of General Officers which regulated the clothing of the army by a "sealed pattern" of uniform. Hat brims were turned-up to form a tricorne. The fur trim of the grenadier's cap was replaced by a stiff linen front, embroidered with the crest of the colonel; these became taller over time until they resembled a bishop's mitre. Perukes and long hair were replaced by hair greased and powdered, and pulled back into a ponytail or queue, bound with a leather band. Long white gaiters were worn on the legs.
• 1716: artillery adopted blue coats instead of red.
• 1730-1740: Long red coats were worn with a white or buff coloured waistcoat, and were lined with contrasting colours, turned out at the lower corners, lapels and cuffs to provide distinctive regimental facings. Officers and sergeants adopted scarlet coats, while other ranks wore darker red, a distinction that continued into the 19th century.
• 1739: the Independent Highland Companies were combined to form the 42nd Regiment of Foot or Black Watch, marking the adoption of Highland dress into the regular army.
• 1742: the first official book of clothing regulations set out the various facing colours and distinctions for each regiment.
• 1751: a Clothing Warrant forces colonels to follow official uniform guidance and prevents them from using their personal crests, being replaced by the royal cypher, the white horse of the House of Hanover or the Garter Star. Drummers were to wear coats of their regimental facing colour and a grenadier cap.
• 1756: introduction of troops of light dragoons, distinguished by leather helmets with brass mountings, which evolved into the Tarleton helmet.
• 1758: light infantry companies were formed in America during the French and Indian War, distinguished by a red waistcoat and a felt cap with turned-up ear flaps.
• 1768: the bearskin greadier's cap was officially recognised and the infantry coat was re-styled by cutting away from the chest to the knees, reducing the size of the lapels and cuffs, and adding a turnover collar.
• 1775: standardised cross belts with an oval breastplate were introduced to carry the catridge box and bayonet, along with a knapsack on seperate shoulder straps and a water bottle on a diagonal sling.
• 1798: the traditional tricorne hat was replaced by a large cocked hat for all arms, except light dragoons, horse artillery and light infantry.
• 1797: the long tailcoat and waistcoat were replaced by a tightly fitting coatee, double-breasted for officers and single for other ranks.
• 1799-1800: a tall and straight-sided "stovepipe" shako replaced the cocked hat, with the exception of heavy cavalry and field officers. The bearskin cap was resticted to the grenadier companies of Guards regiments, but not worn on foreign service. Highlanders wore a feather bonnet, developed from the earlier Balmoral bonnet.

19th century

Main articles: British Army during the Napoleonic Wars and British Army during the Victorian Era

• 1800: the 95th Regiment of Foot was formed as a rifle regiment; uniforms were dark green jackets and breeches (later trousers) with black leather equipment. Officers jackets had hussar-style black lacing with a light dragoon helmet until 1802, when they changed to the same shako as their men.
• 1802: chevrons as rank insignia for non-commissioned officers were officially adopted, after being used unofficially by some regiments for some years.
• 1808: hair powder and queues were abolished, replaced by short hair and small side whiskers. The old soft canvas knapsack was replaced by one designed by a Mr Trotter which was stiffened with wooden boards; smart on parade but irksome on campaign.
• 1811: cavalry uniforms were redesigned; the cocked hat for heavy cavalry being replaced by dragoon helmets of varying designs, except for the Scots Greys who retained their traditional bearskins. Grey "overall" trousers were worn over breeches and knee-boots. The light dragoon helmet was replaced (except for the Royal Horse Artillery) by a bell-shaped shako. Four light dragoon regiments became hussars and adopted the dolman, pelisse and busby accordingly. Sabretaches were adopted by all cavalry. For infantry, more practical grey trousers and spats were to be worn foreign service, but white breeches and gaiters were retained at home.
• 1812: the stovepipe shako was relaced by the Belgic pattern (later known as the "Waterloo shako"), which had tapering sides and a leather and brass plate in front. The custom of bandsmen wearing jackets of their regimental facing colour was discontinued; they were now distinguished only by "wing" epaulettes and numerous lace chevrons on their sleeves.
• 1813: the Royal Sappers and Miners changed their jacket colour from blue to red, so as not to be singled out by enemy sharpshooters when working with the infantry.
• 1816: a bell-shaped shako in the Continental style replaced the Waterloo pattern. The first of five light dragoon regiments converted to lancers and adopted Polish-style dress incuding the square-topped cap or czapka.
• 1818: the helmet for heavy cavalry was replaced by a new design, the "Roman pattern", with a bearskin crest.
• 1821: the Household Cavalry adopted bearskin caps and cuirasses for the Coronation of George IV.
• 1823: breeches and gaiters replaced by white trousers.
• 1828: a lower version of the shako appeared, but with the same sized top, giving it a more flared appearance.
• 1830: officer's gorgets were abolished. King William IV insisted that all cavalry should wear red instead of the customary blue.
• 1832: all companies of Foot Guards now wore bearskin caps.
• 1833: red stripes were added to the seams of trousers, which were now blue-black.
• 1840: the light cavalry reverted to blue jackets, except for the 16th The Queen's Lancers.
• 1843: a redisigned cavalry helmet was adopted for dragoons and dragoon guards, with a black horsehair crest in the French style.
• 1843-1847: another new cavalry helmet, the Albert pattern, with a German style "candlestick" plume holder, said to have been designed by Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Initially worn only by the Household Cavalry, later extended to all heavy cavalry.
• 1844: the Albert shako adopted, again attributed to the Prince Consort, which had tapering sides and peaks front and back.
• 1850: the old crossbelt equipment replaced with a single shoulder belt for the cartridge box and the bayonet on a frog attached to the waistbelt. The knapsack and water bottle were supported on separate narrow straps across the chest.
• 1853-1856: the Crimean War highlighted the impractibility of British uniforms for active service. In the field, undress "pillbox caps" replaced shakos and bearskins, and officers adopted poshteens and pea coats.
• 1855: as a result of wartime experience, the old coatee was replaced by a looser French-style tunic; double-breasted initially, but changed to single-breasted the following year. Highland regiments adopted a doublet. A new shako was introduced, also in the French style, being lighter and less tall.
• 1857: the Indian Rebellion; some regiments dyed their white tropical service shirts and trousers with coffee or curry powder to make them less conspicuous, the origin of khaki uniforms.
• 1860: the Sam Browne belt devised by Sir Samuel Browne and adopted by officers on active duty during the following decades.
• 1868: the first of a series of improved peronal equipments, with the greatcoat and two ammunition pouches on the belt and supported by braces.
• 1871: THe Valise Equipment replaces the old "Trotter" knapsack with a valise or soft haversack, suspended from the belt behind, and had new ammunition pouches for the Martini–Henry breech-loading rifle. It was modified in 1882 with the valise carried higher on the back.
• 1873: All ranks were now to wear scarlet tunics, replacing the darker red worn by corporals and privates. The Home Service helmet, loosely based on the German pickelhaube, replaced the shako with the exception of the Highland Light Infantry. A white Foreign Service version followed in 1878.
• 1880: lightweight linen uniforms in khaki issued to troops in India; the white helmet had a khaki cover and puttees replaced leather gaiters. Khaki was gradually adopted in other foreign stations, being mandated in 1886.
• 1888: Slade–Wallace equipment introduced, with pouches and greatcoat secured to the belt and the valise on the braces.
• 1899-1902: the Second Boer War; shortages caused the replacement of helmets with slouch hats.

20th century

• 1902: Service Dress introduced, to be worn in temperate climates for all purposes except ceremonial and "walking-out". Made from green-brown "drab-mixture" serge, still referred to as khaki, the tunic had breast and side pockets and a turn-down collar. Initially worn with a peakless round Broderick cap, while Scottish regiments wore a Glengarry bonnet. A tropical version in light khaki is worn with the 1902 Wolseley pattern pith helmet.
• 1903: following experience in South Africa, the Slade-Wallace equipment is replaced by the Pattern 1903 Bandolier Equipment, a leather bandolier for ammunition pouches with separate waist belt and haversack.
• 1905: a khaki peaked forage cap replaced the unpopular Broderick. Shorts are officially allowed with tropical uniform.
• 1908: the 1908 pattern webbing equipment replaces the bandoliers for infantry, but is retained by cavalry. The new equipment is in webbing rather than leather, can be put on and taken off in one piece, and has pouches for 150 rounds of rifle ammunition in stripper clips. Officers tunics are altered to an open collar showing a khaki shirt and tie.
• 1914: due to a shortage of webbing, a leather version of the 1908 equipment is issued for training and home service.
• 1915: experience in the First World War sees the Glengarry replaced by the Balmoral bonnet for Scottish regimemts. The Brodie helmet is introduced to reduce head wounds from shrapnel, and is soon replaced by the improved Mark I helmet.
• 1919: ceremonial uniforms reintroduced only for the Brigade of Guards, Household Cavalry, regimental bands and for other limited purposes such as wear by officers attending levees.
• 1924: a black military beret officially approved for the Royal Tank Regiment.
• 1937: the 1937 pattern web equipment replaces the 1908 equipment; it featured large rectangular pouches for Bren light machine gun magazines. Blue "Coronation Dress" uniform issued to troops parading at the Coronation of George VI and Elizabeth.
• 1938: Battledress replaced the 1902 Service Dress; it consisted of a short blouson-type jacket in khaki serge and trousers with large side pockets worn with short webbing anklets. Except for the Guards, the field service cap replaced the forage cap.
• 1939: a leather version of the 1937 equipment is made for home service and training purposes.
• 1942: a "battle jerkin" is developed to replace web equipment for Commando forces. The Denison smock is introduced for airborne forces, based on a German parachute garment.
• 1944: a lightweight version of the 1937 equipment is designed for jungle warfare.
• 1947: Guards reverted to ceremonial uniforms; for other units, a blue No. 1: Temperate ceremonial dress was issued for bandsmen and for important occasions.
• 1950: cold weather conditions in the Korean War brought about the 1950 pattern Combat Dress, based on the U.S. Army M1943 uniform. Saw limited use in Korea and later with the British Army on the Rhine for winter use.
• 1958: the all new 58 pattern webbing launched; it featured a yoke to better spread the weight over the shoulders and metal parts that didn't require polishing.
• 1960: olive green 1960 pattern Combat Dress replaced battledress for all arms, based on the 1950 pattern Combat Dress.
• 1968: the 1960 combat dress changed to the Disruptive Pattern Material (DPM) camouflage pattern.
• 1990: following experience in the Falklands War, the Personal Load Carrying Equipment was introduced that featured nylon webbing, plastic buckles and pouches for the new SA80 rifle magazines, although fitting all the accessories onto the belt proved problematic. Combat Soldier 95 combat clothing introduced, adapted to be worn with body armour.

21st century

• 2009: Multi-Terrain Pattern (MTP) camouflage pattern begins to replace DPM.

References

• Barthorp, Michael (1982). British Infantry Uniforms Since 1660. Blandford Press. ISBN 978-1850790099.
• Doyle, Peter; Foster, Chris (2012). British Army Cap Badges of the Second World War. London: Shire Publications. ISBN 978-0747810919.
• Those Terrible Grey Horses Wood 2015
• British Infantry Equipment (1) 1808-1908, Chappel 1980
• British Infantry Equipments (2) 1908-2000, Chappell 2000
• Tynan, Jane; Godson, Lisa, eds. (2019). Uniform: Clothing and Discipline in the Modern World. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1350045552.

Losses

Lancastria sinking off Saint-Nazaire

A fresh air raid began before 16:00. Lancastria was bombed at 15:48 by Junkers Ju 88 aircraft from Kampfgeschwader 30. Three direct hits caused the ship to list first to starboard then to port, while a fourth bomb fell down the ship's smokestack, detonating inside the engine room and releasing more than 1,200 tons of crude oil into the Loire estuary. Fifteen minutes after being hit, Lancastria began to capsize and some of those who were still on board managed to scramble over the ship's railing to sit on the ship's underside. Lancastria sank within twenty minutes.

When German aircraft began strafing survivors in the water, the fuel oil which had leaked into the sea ignited, and was quickly transformed into a flaming inferno. Many drowned; others were choked by the oil, or were shot by strafing German aircraft.

Survivors were taken aboard other evacuation vessels, the trawler HMT Cambridgeshire rescuing 900. There were 2,477 survivors, of whom about 100 were still alive in 2011. Many families of the dead knew only that they died with the British Expeditionary Force (BEF); the death toll accounted for roughly a third of the total losses of the BEF in France. She sank around 5 nmi (9.3 km) south of Chémoulin Point in the Charpentier roads, around 9 nmi (17 km) from St. Nazaire. The Lancastria Association names 1,738 people known to have been killed. In 2005, Fenby wrote that estimates of the death toll vary from fewer than 3,000 to 5,800 people although it is also estimated that as many as 6,500 people perished, the largest loss of life in British maritime history.

Rudolph Sharp survived the sinking and went on to command the RMS Laconia, losing his life on 12 September 1942 in the Laconia incident off West Africa.

Leyton History Society

French Fortifications, 1715-1815: An Illustrated History

The Breaking Point: Sedan and the Fall of France, 1940 Doughty.

Battle for the Escaut, 1940: The France and Flanders Campaign Murland.

Napoleon's Defeat of the Habsburgs: Volume III: Wagram and Znaim

With Eagles to Glory: Napoleon and His German Allies in the 1809 Campaign

Der Schwarze Herzog: Friedrich Wilhelm von Braunschweig-Oels – Eine Biographie

Frederick William, duke of Brunswick, 1771-1815, r.1806-7, 1813-15

Des Herzogs Friedrich Wilhelm von Braunschweig Zug durch Norddeutchland

Unter der Fahne des schwarzen Herzogs anno 1809

When the War of the Fifth Coalition broke out in 1809, Frederick William used this opportunity to create a Freikorps of partisans with the support of the Austrian Empire. This corps was called the Black Brunswickers because they wore black uniforms in mourning for their occupied country. He financed the corps independently by mortgaging his principality in Oels. After a spell in defensive positions, The Brunswick corps was attached to an Austrian force under Lieutenant field marshal Karl Friedrich am Ende, which was tasked with making a diversionary expedition into French-occupied Saxony in the hope of inspiring an insurrection.

[VCH Leyton: Churches

An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought, Volume 2

Leytonstone and its history; with especial reference to the establishment and development of church services therein, and a short account of former residents and residences, etc

A History of the Parish of Leyton, Essex p. 72

The religious life of London p. 364

William Cotton Oswell, Hunter and Explorer: The Story of His Life

English Coronation Records

A Precarious Existence: British Submariners in World War One

• Hodge, David (November 1927). ""Wee Macgreegor" Twenty-Five. An appreciation of J. J. Bell". The Bookman. London.

Internment in the UK in WWII

A policy towards those classified as enemy aliens of internment in the United Kingdom during the Second World War was implemented in stages between the British declaration of war on Germany in September 1939 and the end of the Battle of France in June 1940. This affected German and Austrian civilians, whether naturalised or not, some of whom were sympathetic to the Nazi regime, while most were refugees from antisemitism or from persecution because of their political activities. A further internment of Italian nationals commenced after the Italian entry into the war in June 1940, and again for the small number of Japanese expatriots living in Britain after the invasion of Hong Kong and the Japanese declaration of war on the British Empire in December 1941.

Internees were initially held in disused factories, holiday camps or even in prisons; sometimes in conditions of considerable squalor. Later, most were moved to seaside hotels and boarding houses on the Isle of Man, where conditions were better, but still spartan. Others were deported to camps in Canada or Australia, a policy that ended when one of the ships carrying internees was sunk by a U-boat in July 1940. Men who passed a vetting procedure were able to escape detention by volunteering for the Auxiliary Military Pioneer Corps, a labouring formation of the British Army. Others who were assessed to be of no risk were released in stages, although those who had been sent abroad faced long delays in returning to Britain.

• Fact File : Civilian Internment 1939 - 1945
• ‘ENEMY ALIENS’ – THE BRITISH INTERMENT CAMPS ON THE ISLE OF MAN
• “Enemy Aliens” & Internment in England, 1939-40
• Enemy Aliens: internment and deportation policy in Great Britain, September 1939–June 1940