Southern Popoloca language

Southern Popoloca
Southern Popoloca
Native to	Mexico
Region	Puebla
Native speakers	(7,000 cited 1991–1993)
Language family	Oto-Manguean Popolocan Chocho–Popoloca Popoloca Southern Popoloca; ; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Either:; poe – San Juan Atzingo; pbe – Metzontla
Glottolog	sanj1285 San Juan Atzingo; mezo1235 Mezontla

Southern Popoloca is an indigenous language of Puebla state, Mexico. There are two principal varieties, sometimes counted as distinct languages, which are about 75% mutually intelligible:

San Juan Atzingo Popoloca (a.k.a. Atzingo, San Juan)
Metzontla Popoloca (a.k.a. Los Reyes Metzontla Popoloca)

Phonology

Consonants

Consonants in the San Juan Atzingo dialect^[2]
		Labial	Dental/ Alveolar		Post-alv./ Palatal	Retroflex	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	voiced	m	n
Nasal	voiceless	m̥ ⟨jm⟩	n̥ ⟨jn⟩
Plosive		p	t				k	ʔ ⟨h, '⟩
Affricate			t͡s ⟨ts⟩		t͡ʃ	t͡ʂ ⟨chr⟩
Fricative		f	ð ⟨d⟩	s	ʃ ⟨x⟩	ʂ ⟨xr⟩		h ⟨j⟩
Rhotic			r
Lateral			l
Approximant		w ⟨v⟩			j

Consonants preceding /h/ are then heard as aspirated [Cʰ]; when preceding /ʔ/, they are heard as ejectives [Cʼ].

Consonants in the Mezontla dialect^[3]
		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Post-alv.	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	voiced	m		n
Nasal	voiceless	m̥		n̥
Plosive/Affricate	voiceless	p	t͡s	t	t͡ʂ	t͡ʃ	k	ʔ
	aspirated		t͡sʰ	tʰ	t͡ʂʰ	t͡ʃʰ	kʰ
	voiced	b		d			ɡ
	prenasal	ᵐb		ⁿd		ᶮd͡ʒ	ᵑɡ
Fricative	voiceless	(f)		s	ʃ ~ ʂ		x
Fricative	prenasal			ⁿz			ᵑɣ
Rhotic	voiced			r
Rhotic	prenasal			ⁿr
Lateral				l
Approximant		w				j

Marginal affricates include /k͡f, s͡t/.

/ʃ/ is heard as retroflex [ʂ] when before vowels /a, ã, u, ũ/.
/f/ is heard only from loanwords.
/j/ may be realized as a nasal [ɲ] when in the position of nasal vowels.
Stop consonants when preceding /ʔ/ are heard as ejectives [Cʼ].

Vowels

Vowels in the San Juan Atzingo dialect^[2]
	Oral			Nasal
	Front	Central	Back	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		o~u	ĩ		õ~ũ
Mid	e		o~u	ẽ		õ~ũ
Open		a			ã

/o, õ/ when heard in diphthongs, and after consonants /t, k, ʔ, t͡ʃ, t͡ʂ, ʂ, n̥/ is heard as [u, ũ].
Nasalization is indicated by ⟨n⟩ after the vowel.^[2]

Vowels in the Mezontla dialect^[3]
	Oral			Nasal
	Front	Central	Back	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u	ĩ		ũ
Mid	e			ẽ
Open		a			ã

Tones

Mezontla Popoloca has 3 tonemes.^[3]

References

↑ San Juan Atzingo at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Metzontla at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
1 2 3 Kalstrom-Dolson, Marjorie; Krumholz, Jeanne Austin; Ewan, Doris Bartholomew (1995). Diccionario popoloca de San Juan Atzingo, Puebla (PDF). In Austin Krumholz, Jeanne and Kalstrom Dolson, Marjorie and Hernández Ayuso, Miguel: Tucson: Summer Institute of Linguistics. pp. 283–390.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
1 2 3 Veerman-Leichsenring, Annette W. (1991). Gramática del Popoloca de Metzontla. Amsterdam: Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)

This Oto-Manguean languages-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by adding missing information.

[e18-1] San Juan Atzingo at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Metzontla at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

[:02-2] 1 2 3 Kalstrom-Dolson, Marjorie; Krumholz, Jeanne Austin; Ewan, Doris Bartholomew (1995). Diccionario popoloca de San Juan Atzingo, Puebla (PDF). In Austin Krumholz, Jeanne and Kalstrom Dolson, Marjorie and Hernández Ayuso, Miguel: Tucson: Summer Institute of Linguistics. pp. 283–390.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)

[:12-3] 1 2 3 Veerman-Leichsenring, Annette W. (1991). Gramática del Popoloca de Metzontla. Amsterdam: Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)

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