Paleobiota of the Tamiami Formation

The Tamiami Formation is a Konzentrat Lagerstätte in Florida that preserves an unusually high diversity of species.^[1] A variety of distinct terrestrial, marine and freshwater ecosystems are represented by the formation, including rivers, lakes, reefs, swamps, beaches, and seagrass beds.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] Fossils are mostly known from canals, roads (being named after US Highway 41), dredging, and shell pits. There are few natural exposures of the formation, like Cookiecutter Creek and Venice Beach.

The geology of the Tamiami Formation is complex and debated. This list includes fossils from the Bayshore and Murdock Station units, as these are both currently referred to as members of the Tamiami, and as formations in the Hawthorn Group.

Algae

Haptophytes are preserved as mineral shells and are used in biochronology.^[6]

Family	Genus	Species	Member	Abundance	Notes
†Discoasteraceae	†Discoaster	†Discoaster pentardiatus	Pinecrest beds	Common
Noelaerhabdaceae	Gephyrocapsa	Gephyrocapsa caribbeannica			Individuals in the Tamiami formation are larger than modern individuals
Noelaerhabdaceae	Reticulofenestra	Reticulofenestra pseudoumbilica
†Sphenolithaceae	†Sphenolithus	†Sphenolithus abies

Amphibians

Family	Genus	Species	Member	Abundance	Notes	Images
Ranidae	Rana	Rana cf. catesbiana			Large Frog
Sirenidae	Siren	Siren cf. lacertina			Greater Siren

Annelids

Family	Genus	Species	Member	Abundance	Notes	Image
Spionidae	Helicotaphrichnus	Helicotaphrichnus commensalis	Pinecrest Beds		Exclusively associated with hermit crabs
Spionidae	Polydora					Mercenaria campechiensis with Polydora boring from the Fruitville Member of the Tamiami Formation of Manatee County

Bony fishes

Family	Genus	Species	Member	Notes	Image
Diodontidae	Indeterminate
Ictaluridae	Indeterminate
Lepisosteidae	Atractosteus
Lepisosteidae	Indeterminate
Mugilidae	Mugil	Mugil sp.	Pinecrest Beds	Mullet
Sparidae	Archosargus
Sparidae	Lagodon
Sphyraenidae	Sphyraena	Sphyraena barracuda			A barracuda tooth from the Tamiami or Peace River Formation
Sciaenidae	Pogonias	Pogonias cromis

Brachiopoda

Family	Genus	Species	Member	Abundance	Notes	Image
Lingulidae	Glottidia	Glottidia inexpectens	Lower	Rare	Also occurs in the Bone Valley Formation^[7]

Bryozoa

Family	Genus	Species	Member	Abundance
Adeonidae	Reptadeonella	†Reptadeonella umbilicata
Calloporidae	Amphiblestrum	†Amphiblestrum constrictum
	Aplousina	†Aplousina grandis
	Copidozoum	†Copidozoum cf. parvirostris
Celleporidae	Pourtalesella	†Pourtalesella chiarae
Cribrilinidae	Cribrilaria	Cribrilaria scripta
Bitectiporidae	Metroperiella	†Metroperiella reversa
Bryocryptellidae	Cyclocolposa	†Cyclocolposa perforata
Lepraliellidae	Celleporaria
Microporellidae	Microporella	Microporella cf. pontifica
		†Microporella sarasotaensis	Pinecrest Beds	Common
		†Microporella tamiamiensis	Pinecrest Beds
Oncousoeciidae	Oncousoecia
Onychocellidae	Floridina	†Floridina regularis
Phidoloporidae	Plesiocleidochasma	†Plesiocleidochasma cf. vestitum
Romancheinidae	Hippopleurifera	Hippopleurifera mucronata
Schizoporellidae	Stylopoma	†Stylopoma leverhulme
Stomachetosellidae	†Cycloperiella	†Cycloperiella rubra
Trypostegidae	Trypostega	†Trypostega composita

Corals

Coral deposits are found within all members of the Tamiami formation.^[2] The Golden Gate Reef Member has over a hundred species of coral alone.

Family	Genus	Species	Member	Notes	Image
Acroporidae	Acropora	Acropora cf. panamensis	Golden Gates
Acroporidae	Acropora		Golden Gates
Caryophylliidae	†Placocyathus	†Placocyathus barretti		Not a synonym of Trochocyathus
Caryophylliidae	†Placocyathus	†Placocyathus variabilis		Not a synonym of Trochocyathus
Faviidae	Manicina	Manicina areolata
Faviidae	Manicina
Meandrinidae	Dichocoenia	†Dichocoenia cf. eminens
		†Dichocoenia sp.
		†Dichocoenia tuberosa
		Dichocoenia stokesi	Golden Gates
	Meandrina	Meandrina meandrites
Merulinidae	Orbicella	†Orbicella limbata
	Trachyphyllia	†Trachyphyllia bilobata
	Trachyphyllia	Trachyphyllia geoffroyi		Locally extinct
Montastraeidae	Montastrea	†Montastrea brevis
Montastraeidae	Montastrea	†Montastrea endothecata
Mussidae(?)	Solenastrea	Solenastrea bournoni	Pinecrest Beds, Golden Gates		Solenastrea
Mussidae(?)	Solenastrea	Solenastrea hyades
Mussinae	†Antillia	†Antillia walli	Golden Gates
Mussinae	†Antillophyllia
Pocilloporidae	Stylophora	†Stylophora affinis	Golden Gates Reef
		†Stylophora granulata
		†Stylophora minor
Poritidae	Goniopora	†Goniopora hilli
Poritidae	Porites	†Porites baracoaensis	Golden Gates Reef
Rhizangiidae	Septastrea	†Septastrea crassa
		†Septastrea marylandica		Associated with hermit crabs	Septastrea marylandica from the Caloosahatchee Formation of Hillsborough County
		†Septastrea matsoni
Siderastreidae	Siderastrea	†Siderastrea dalli	Golden Gates Reef
Siderastreidae	Siderastrea	†Siderastrea pliocenica

^[2]

Chondrichthyes

Rays

Family	Genus	Species	Member	Image
Aetobatidae	Aetobatus	Aetobatus sp.		Aetobatus sp. dental plate fragment from the Pinecrest Beds of Sarasota County
Mobulidae	Mobula	Mobula birostris
Mobulidae	Mobula	Mobula hypostoma
Myliobatidae	Myliobatis	Myliobatis sp.	Pinecrest Beds	Myliobatis sp. dental plate from the Pinecrest Beds of Sarasota county

Sharks

The Tamiami Formation is partially the source of the shark teeth of Venice Beach.^[8]

Family	Genus	Species	Member	Abundance	Notes	Image
Carcharhinidae	Carcharhinus	Carcharhinus leucas				Carcharhinus leucas from the Tamiami Formation of Sarasota
	Negaprion	Negaprion brevirostris	Lower, Pinecrest Beds			Negaprion brevirostris from the Pinecrest Beds of Hillsborough County
	Galeocerdo	Galeocerdo cuvier
	†Physogaleus	†Physogaleus contortus		Uncommon		Physogaleus contortus from the Bone Valley Formation’s Palmetto Fauna, a contemporary deposit to the Lower Tamiami Formation
Dalatiidae	Isistius	†Isistius triangulus		Common (186 teeth)^[5]	Extinct cookiecutter shark
Hemigaleidae	Hemipristis	†Hemipristis serra				Hemipristis serra from the Bone Valley Formation’s Palmetto Fauna, a contemporary deposit to the Lower Tamiami Formation
Incertae sedis	†Parotodus	†Parotodus benedinii				Parotodus benedinii from the Peace River Formation or potentially the lower units of the overlying Tamiami Formation
Lamnidae	Carcharodon	Carcharodon carcharias
	Carcharodon	†Carcharodon hastalis				Carcharodon hastalis from the Bone Valley Formation’s Palmetto Fauna, a contemporary deposit to the lower Tamiami Formation. (s.l.)
	Isurus	Isurus oxyrinchus		Uncommon
†Otodontidae	†Otodus	†Otodus megalodon		Uncommon		Otodus megalodon from the Tamiami or Peace River Formation of Sarasota
Scyliohinidae	Scyliorhinus	Scyliorhinus sp.
Squatinidae	Squatina

Crustacea

Cirripedia

Family	Genus	Species	Member	Abundance
Balanidae	Chesaconcavus	†Chesaconcavus tamiamiensis	Murdock Station^[a]	Index for Murdock Unit
	Paraconcavus	†Paraconcavus sarasotaensis	Pinecrest Beds?
	Paraconcavus	†Paraconcavus talquinensis

Decapoda

Family	Genus	Species	Member	Abundance	Notes
Calappidae	Calappa	Calappa sp.			^[9]
Callianassidae	Callianassa				Mud shrimp^[10]
Cryptochiridae	Galacticus	†Galacticus duerri		Endemic	Earliest known occurrence of a Cryptochirid, ichnofossil^[11]
Diogenidae	Petrochirus
Leucosiidae	Persephona
Majidae	Incertae sedis
Menippidae	Menippe	Menippe mercenaria
Menippidae	Incertae sedis
Paguroidea (Families outside of Diogenidae unknown)	Various				Known from the presence of Helicotaphrichnus commensalis
Porcellanidae	Petrolisthes	†Petrolisthes myakkensis	Pinecrest Beds		Formed commensal relationships with the locally extinct Heliaster microbrachius

Echinoderms

Sea stars

Family	Genus	Species	Member	Abundance	Notes	Image
Heliasteridae	Heliaster	Heliaster microbrachius	Pinecrest Beds	Common	Formed commensal relationships with the extinct porcelain crab, Petrolisthes myakkensis.^[12] The species only occurs in the Pacific Ocean today.	Modern Heliaster microbrachius from the Smithsonian’s Museum of Natural History
Heliasteridae	Heliaster	Unnamed species	Bayshore^[b]

Sea urchins

Family	Genus	Species	Abundance	Notes	Image
Arbaciidae	Arbacia	†Arbacia crenulata
Brissidae	Brissus	†Brissus glenni
Brissidae	Plagiobrissus	†Plagiobrissus sarae
Cassidulidae	Rhyncholampas	†Rhyncholampas ayresi
Cassidulidae	†Rhynchopygus	†Rhynchopygus evergladensis
Cidaridae	Eucidaris	Eucidaris tribuloides			Live Eucidaris tribuloides
Clypeasteridae	Clypeaster	†Clypeaster crassus
		†Clypeaster romani
		†Clypeaster sunnilandensis		Taxonomic status unclear
		Clypeaster indet.			The test of Clypeaster rosaceus, a contemporary species living in the area.
Loveniidae	Echinocardium	†Echinocardium orthonotum
Mellitidae	Encope	†Encope michelini
	Encope	†Encope tamiamiensis	Common in some units	Index taxon
	Mellita	†Mellita aclinensis			Metilla aclinensis fragment from the Pinecrest Beds of Sarasota County
Toxopneustidae	Lytechinus	Lytechinus variegatus			Live Lytechinus variegatus

Foraminifera

Foraminifera are testate amoebae used often in biochronolgy.^[6]^[13]

Family	Genus	Species	Member	Abundance	Image
Ammoniidae	Ammonia	Ammonia tepida			Ammonia tepida from the Pinecrest Beds
Bolivinitidae	Bolivina
Buliminellidae	Buliminella	Buliminella elegantissima
Buliminellidae	Buliminella	†Buliminella elongata
Cibididae	Cibicides
Globigerinae	Globigerina	Globigerina bulloides			A rendering of Globigerina
	Globigerina	Globigerina nepenthes
	Spheroidinellopsis	Spheroidinellopsis seminulina		Common
Litoulidae	Ammobaculites		Pinecrest Beds, Fruitville
Nonionidae	Nonionella

Mammals

Known from the Macasphalt Shell Pit, St. Petersburg Times, the Brighton Canal and various sites along the Kissimmee river.^[3] The Bone Valley Formation's Palmetto Fauna is contemporary with the Lower Tamiami Formation, reflecting deposits in a nearby estuary (The Bone Valley Estuary).

family	Genus	Species	Member	Abundance	Notes	Image
Balaenidae	Incertae sedis	Balaenidae sp.	All		Right whale
Balaenopteridae	Balaenoptera	Balaenoptera sp.	Pinecrest Beds		Rorqual
Balaenopteridae	†Cetotheriophanes	†Cetotheriophanes capellinii			Extinct Rorqual
Camelidae	†Hemiauchenia	†Hemiauchenia blancoensis
Canidae	Canis	†Canis lepophagus		Macasphalt Shell Pit	Ancestor of wolves and coyotes
Cervidae	Odocoileus	Odocoileus cf. virginianus			Probable White-Tailed Deer
Cricetidae	Sigmodon	†Sigmodon medius			Cotton rat
Dasypodidae	Dasypus	†Dasypus bellus			The “Beautiful Armadillo”	Dasypus bellus skull
Dasypodidae	†Pachyarmatherium	†Pachyarmatherium leiseyi
Delphinidae	Incertae sedis	Delphinidae sp. 1				Delphinid rostrum from the Bone Valley Formation, a contemporary deposit of the Lower Tamiami (s.l.)
Delphinidae	Incertae sedis	Delphinidae sp. 2
Dugongidae	Incertae sedis	Dugongidae sp.	All Members			A cross section of a Dugongid rib from the Bone Valley Formation’s Palmetto Fauna, a contemporary deposit to the lower Tamiami Formation (s.l.)
Equidae	†Cormohipparion	†Cormohipparion emsliei	Pinecrest Beds
	Equus	"Advanced" Equus				“Advanced” Equus from a stratum equivalent to the Tamiami in North Florida
	Equus	†Equus cf. simplicidens
	†Nannippus	†Nannippus aztecus
	†Nannippus	†Nannippus peninsulatus	Pinecrest Beds		Three-Toed Horse
Geomyidae	Orthogeomys	†Orthogeomys propinetis			Giant gopher
†Glyptodontidae	†Glyptotherium	†Glyptotherium cf. arizonae
†Gompotheriidae	†Ambelodon (?)	indet.
	†Cuvieronius	indet.
	†Rhynchotherium	†Rhynchotherium falconeri
Hydrochaeridae	†Neochoerus	†Neochoerus dichroplax			Extinct giant capybara	Neochoerus dichroplax incisor tooth
Leporidae	Sylvilagus				Cottontail Rabbit	Sylvilagus sp. from the Pamlico or Tamiami formation of Hardee County
Odobenidae	†Ontocetus	†Ontocetus emmonsi			Walrus
†Pampatheriidae	†Holmesina	†Holmesina floridanus				Holmesina
Phocidae	†Callophoca	†Callophoca obscura			Earless Seal
Physeterinae	†Physeterula	†Physeterula sp.			Sperm whale	Fragmentary Physeterula tooth from the Bone Valley Formation
Procyonidae	Procyon	Procyon sp.			Large raccoon
†Megalonychidae	†Megalonyx	†Megalonyx leptostomus	Pinecrest Beds
†Megatheriidae	†Eremotherium	†Eremotherium eomigrans	Pinecrest Beds		Oldest occurrence of Eremotherium in North America	Eremotherium eomigrans claw core from the unconformity between the Bermont Formation and the Fort Thompson Formation of Hillsborough County
Mustelidae	†Trigonictis	†Trigonictis macrodon			Relative of the Grison
†Mylodontidae	†Glossotherium	†Glossotherium chapadmalense	Pinecrest Beds		Giant Sloth	Glossotherium sp. jaw from the Okeechobee Group
Sciuridae	†Miopetaurista	Potentially present
Tayassuidae	†Mylohyus	†Mylohyus floridanus			Long-Nosed Peccary	Mylohyus tooth from the Late Pliocene or Early Pleistocene of Florida
Tayassuidae	†Platygonus	†Platygonus bicalcaratus
Ursidae	†Arctodus	†Arctodus pristinus

Mollusks

Mollusks form the majority of the biodiversity of the Tamiami Formation, with around 800 species of gastropods or more known.^[13]

Bivalves

Family	Genus	Species	Member	Abundance	Notes	Image
Anomiidae	Anomia	Anomia simplex				Anomia simplex from the Fort Thompson formation of the Leisey Shell Pit
Anomiidae	Placunanomia	†Placunanomia plicata	Murdock Station^[a]		Unassessed
Arcidae	Anadara	†Anadara aequalitas
		Anadara brasiliana
		†Anadara crassicosta				Anadara crassicosta from the Pinecrest Beds of Sarasota.
	Arca	†Arca aquila
	Arca zebra			Turkey wing
	†Arca wagneriana				Arca wagneriana from the Pinecrest Beds of Sarasota County
	Barbatia	†Barbatia caloosahatchiensis
	Barbatia	†Barbatia irregularis	Murdock Station,^[a] Pinecrest Beds
	Cucullaearca	Cucullaearca candida
Cardiidae	Acrosterigma	†Acrosterigma dalli^[14]	Pinecrest Beds			Acrosterigma dalli
	Agnocardia	†Agnocardia spinosifrons^[15]	Pinecrest Beds
	Trachycardium	†Trachycardium evergladeensis				Trachycardium evergladeensis from the Tamiami Formation of Hillsborough County
Chamidae	Arcinella	Arcinella cornuta				Arcinella cornuta
Chamidae	Chama	†Chama willcoxi				Chama willcoxi from the Pinecrest Beds of Hillsborough County, Florida
Gastrochaenolitidae	Gastrochaenolites				Ichnofossil Lithophaga
Gryphaeidae	Hyotissa	†Hyotissa haitensis	Pinecrest Beds, Lower, Ochopee Limestone, Buckingham Limestone			Hyotissa haitensis from the Pinecrest beds of Hillsborough County
Lucinidae	Anodontia	Anodontia alba	Pinecrest Beds			Fossil of Anodontia alba from the Tamiami Formation
Lucinidae	Stewartia	Stewartia floridana				Fossil Stewartia floridana from a hurricane deposit in the Pinecrest Beds of Hillsborough County, Florida
Mytilidae	Brachidontes	Brachidontes exustus	Pinecrest beds
	Lithophaga		Golden Gates		Maker of the trace fossil Gastrochaenolites
	Perna	†Perna conradina	Lower, Ochopee Limestone, Pinecrest Beds, Murdock Station^[a]			Perna conradina from the Pinecrest Beds of Hillsborough County, hurricane deposit
Pectinidae	Amusium	†Amusium mortoni
	Argopecten	†Argopecten comparilis
	Argopecten	Argopecten gibbus
	†Carolinapecten	†Carolinapecten eboreus	Lower, Pinecrest Beds			Carolinapecten eboreus from the lower Tamiami Formation
		†Carolinapecten murdockensis	Murdock Station^[a]
		†Carolinapecten urbannaensis	Bayshore^[b]
	†Chesapecten	†Chesapecten jeffersonius	Murdock Station^[a]
		†Chesapecten madisonius
		†Chesapecten middlesexensis	Murdock Station,^[a] Bayshore^[b]
		†Chesapecten quinarius	Murdock Station^[a]
		†Chesapecten septenarius	lower
	Euvola	†Euvola hemicyclina	Lower, Pinecrest Beds
	Interchlamys	†Interchlamys interlineata
	Leptopecten	†Leptopecten irremotis	Lower
	Lindapecten
	Nodipecten	†Nodipecten collierensis	Lower, Buckingham Limestone, Ochopee Limestone, Pinecrest Beds
		†Nodipecten condylomatus		Unknown
		†Nodipecten peedeensis	Buckingham
	Stralopecten	†Stralopecten caloosaensis
Plicatulidae	Plicatula	Plicatula gibbosa
		†Plicatula hunterae	Pinecrest Beds, Murdock Station^[a]
		Plicatula marginata	Lower, Pinecrest Beds, Fruitville, Buckingham Limestone, Murdock Station^[a]
Veneridae	Anomalocardia	†Anomalocardia caloosana			Validity unassessed
	Anomalocardia	Anomalocardia cuneimeris
	Chione	†Chione erosa		Extremely Common	An extinct Venerid clam	Chione erosa with naticid borings
	Chione	†Chione morsitans			Validity unclear	Chione(?) morsitans, from the Pinecrest Beds of Hillsborough County
	Chioneryx	Chioneryx grus	Pinecrest Beds
	Mercenaria	Mercenaria campechiensis
	Mercenaria	†Mercenaria corrugata	Pinecrest Beds, Buckingham		Validity unassessed	Mercenaria corrugata from the Pinecrest Beds
	Panchione	†Panchione ulocyma	Pinecrest Beds, Ochopee limestone^[16]			Panchione ulocyma
Verticordiidae	Trigonulina	Trigonulina ornata^[17]	Pinecrest Beds		A carnivorous clam.
Verticordiidae	Trigonulina		Pinecrest Beds		A carnivorous clam.

Cephalopods

Family	Genus	Species	Member	Abundance	Notes	Image
Oichnidae	Oichnus	Oichnus ovalis	Pinecrest Beds		Ichnofossil octopus

Gastropods

Family	Genus	Species	Member	Abundance	Notes	Image
Amathinidae	Iselica	Iselica globosa	Pinecrest Beds
Architectonicidae	Architectonica	†Architectonica catanesi
		†Architectonica granulatum			Validity unknown
		Architectonica nobilis
Buccinoidea	Ptychosalpinx	†Ptychosalpinx perprotractus
Busyconidae	Busycoarctum	†Busycoarctum tudiculatum	Buckingham
	Busycon	†Busycon alumensis	Buckingham		Validity unknown
		Busycon carica	Pinecrest Beds			Busycon carica from the latest Holocene of east Florida
		†Busycon filosum	Buckingham		Unassessed
		†Busycon pachyus	Buckingham
		†Busycon rampum	Pinecrest Beds
		†Busycon titan
		†Busycon tritonis
		†Busycon tudiculatum
	Busycotypus	†Busycotypus concinnus
		†Busycotypus libertiensis	Buckingham
		†Busycotypus mansfieldi
		†Busycotypus scotti
	Fulguropsis	†Fulguropsis carolinensis	Buckingham		Validity unknown
		†Fulguropsis excavatum
		†Fulguropsis floridanum
	†Laevisycon	†Laevisycon laeva
	†Pyruella	†Pyruella harasewychi	Buckingham
		†Pyruella miccosukee
		†Pyruella rogicostata	Pinecrest Beds	Endemic	Validity unknown
		†Pyruella sarasotaensis
		†Pyruella seminole	Pinecrest Beds	Endemic
		†Pyruella turbinalis				Pyruella turbinalis
		†Pyruella waltfrancei	Buckingham
	Sinistrofulgur	†Sinistrofulgur caloosahatcheensis
		†Sinistrofulgur contrarium	Lower, Ochopee Limestone, Pinecrest Beds, Fruitville, Buckingham Limestone			Sinistrofulgur contrarium from the Pinecrest Beds of Hillsborough County.
		†Sinistrofulgur grabaui	Buckingham
		†Sinistrofulgur hollisteri	Buckingham
Cancellariidae	Cancellaria	†Cancellaria conradiana	Pinecrest Beds			Cancellaria conradiana from the Pinecrest Beds of Hillsborough County
		Cancellaria reticulata
		†Cancellaria tabulata			Unassessed
Conidae	Conasprella	Conasprella delessertii
		Conasprella jaspidea
		Conasprella stearnsii
	†Contraconus	†Contraconus adversarius	Pinecrest Beds, Fruitville member			Contraconus adversarius from the Pinecrest Beds of Hillsborough County
		†Contraconus berryi
		†Contraconus lindajoyceae	Buckingham
	Conus	†Conus bassi
		†Conus gravesae
		†Conus haytensis
		†Conus miamiensis
		†Conus oniscus
		†Conus paranobilis
		Conus spurius				Conus spurius? from the Fruitville member of Manatee County
		†Conus spuroides				Conus spuroides from the Caloosahatchee Formation of Hillsborough County
		†Conus yaquensis				Conus yaquensis from the Fruitville member of Manatee County
	†Osceolaconus	†Osceolaconus buckinghamensis	Buckingham		All Known Osceolaconus are present in the Tamiami Formation
		†Osceolaconus matchetti	Pinecrest Beds
		†Osceolaconus osceolae
Cypraeidae	†Alkleistostoma	†Alkleistostoma carolinensis
		†Alkleistostoma crocodila
		†Alkleistostoma diegelae
		†Alkleistostoma floridana
		†Alkleistostoma highlandsensis	Pinecrest Beds (Kissimmee Facies)
		†Alkleistostoma hughesi	Pinecrest Beds (Kissimmee Facies)
		†Alkleistostoma miamiensis	Golden Gates Reef (Petuch's Zones 3–4)
		†Alkleistostoma pilsbryi
	†Calusacypraea	†Calusacypraea briani
		†Calusacypraea duerri	Buckingham
		†Calusacypraea sarasotaensis
		†Calusacypraea tequesta
	†Pseudadusta	†Pseudadusta buckinghamensis	Buckingham
		†Pseudadusta collierensis	Golden Gates Reef (Petuch's Zones 1–2)
		†Pseudadusta fehsei	Golden Gates Reef (Petuch's Zones 1–2)
		†Pseudadusta irisae	Golden Gates Reef (Petuch's Zones 1–2)
		†Pseudadusta ketteri	Golden Gates Reef (Petuch's Zones 1–2)
		†Pseudadusta lindae	Golden Gates Reef (Petuch's Zones 1–2)
	†Siphocypraea	†Siphocypraea alligator
		†Siphocypraea cannoni
		†Siphocypraea problematica
		†Siphocypraea trippeana
	†Yeehawcypraea	†Yeehawcypraea bartoni
†Echinofulguridae	†Echinofulgur	†Echinofulgur cannoni	Buckingham
Fasciolariidae	Apertifusus
	Cinctura	†Cinctura rhomboidea	Pinecrest beds
	Fasciolaria
	Fusinus	†Fusinus caloosaensis
		†Fusinus carolinensis				Fusinus caloosaensis from the Pinecrest Beds of Hillsborough County
		†Fusinus equalis
		†Fusinus florida
	Heilprinia	†Heilprinia dianeae	Buckingham
Melongenidae	Melongena	Melongena bispinosa			Locally Extinct	Melongena bispinosa from the Pinecrest Beds of Hillsborough County
		†Melongena cannoni
		†Melongena consors
		Melongena corona				Melongena corona from the Pinecrest Beds of Sarasota
		†Melongena cynthiae				Melongena cynthiae from the Pinecrest Beds of Hillsborough County
		†Melongena draperi	Lower Fruitville and Pinecrest Beds			Melongena draperi from the Pinecrest Beds of Hillsborough County
		Melongena melongena				Melongena melongena from the latest Holocene of the Bahamas
		†Melongena penningtonorum
		†Melongena sarasotaensis	Fruitville
		†Melongena taurus	Pinecrest beds		Validity unclear
	†Tropochasca	†Tropochasca lindae	Pinecrest Beds
		†Tropochasca metae	Fruitville
		†Tropochasca petiti	Buckingham
		Unnamed species	Bayshore
Muricidae	Aspella	†Aspella petuchi	Pinecrest Beds	Endemic
	†Calusathais	†Calusathais handgenae	Bayshore^[b]
	Chicoreus	†Chicoreus floridanus	Pinecrest Beds		Unassessed
	Chicoreus	†Chicoreus stephansae	Pinecrest Beds
	†Ecphora	†Ecphora pachycostata	Murdock Station^[a]
		†Ecphora quadricostata	Buckingham, Pinecrest Beds, Murdock Station^[a]	Extremely rare, Lowermost Pinecrest Beds
		†Ecphora roxaneae	Murdock Station^[a]
		†Ecphora whiteoakensis	Bayshore^[b]
	Eupleura	Eupleura
		†Eupleura calusa
		Eupleura caudata
	†Globecphora	†Globecphora floridana	Bayshore^[b]	Exceptionally Rare
	†Latecphora	†Latecphora bradleyae	Pinecrest Beds	Extremely rare
		†Latecphora hertweckorum	Pinecrest Beds	Extremely rare, uppermost Pinecrest Beds only
		†Latecphora violetae	Buckingham	Extremely Rare
	†Planecphora	†Planecphora mansfieldi	Buckingham
	Urosalpinx	†Urosalpinx megeana
	†Zulloia	Unnamed	Bayshore^[b]
		†Zulloia violetae
		†Zulloia zulloi
Nassariidae	Phrontis	Phrontis vibex				Fossil Phoenix vibex from the Tamiami Formation
Olividae	Oliva	†Oliva amandae
		†Oliva keatoni
		†Oliva mansfieldi	Golden Gate Reef
		†Oliva susanae	Golden Gate Reef
	Olivella	Olivella mutica
	Olivella	†Olivella tamiamiensis
	Pupa	†Pupa carolinensis	Ochopee limestone, Pinecrest Beds		Unassessed
Pisaniidae	Gemophos	Gemophos tinctus	Pinecrest Beds
Pleioptygmatidae	Pleioptygma	†Pleioptygma dalli
		†Pleioptygma lineolata	Pinecrest Beds		Genus is locally extinct.	Pleioptygma lineolata, a mitre snail, under UV. This photo is color inverted and its hue altered to its show probable coloration. Collected from the Pinecrest Beds of Hillsborough County

Strombidae	Lobatus	†Lobatus leideyi
	Lobatus	Lobatus raninus
	Macrostrombus	†Macrostrombus briani	Buckingham
	Macrostrombus	†Macrostrombus hertweckorum
	Strombus	†Strombus cannoni	Fruitville
		†Strombus floridanus	Buckingham, Pinecrest Beds			Strombus floridanus
		Strombus pugilis				Strombus pugilis from the Late Pliocene - Middle Pleistocene Okeechobee Group of Florida
		†Strombus sarasotaensis	Fruitville
Vasidae	†Hystrivasum	†Hystrivasum barkleyae	Buckingham
		†Hystrivasum horridum				Hystrivasum horridum from the Pinecrest beds of Hillsborough County
		†Hystrivasum locklini
		†Hystrivasum olssoni
		†Hystrivasum schrinerae
		†Hystrivasum squamosum
		†Hystrivasum violettae	Buckingham
Vermetidae	Petaloconchus	Petaloconchus floridanus
	Petaloconchus	†Petaloconchus sculpturatus				Petaloconchus sculpturatus from the Pinecrest Beds of Hillsborough County
	Thylacodes	†Thylacodes granifera
	Vermetus	†Vermetus virginicus
Volutidae	Scaphella	†Scaphella ashleyae	Buckingham
		†Scaphella kendrae	Bayshore
		†Scaphella mansfieldi	Pinecrest Beds
		†Scaphella martinshugari	Pinecrest Beds
		†Scaphella petiti	Fruitville
		†Scaphella trenholmii	Pinecrest Beds
		†Scaphella typus	Fruitville
	Volutifusus	†Volutifusus auroraensis	Fruitville
		†Volutifusus brennmortoni	Fruitville
		†Volutifusus dougsheltoni	Buckingham
		†Volutifusus emmonsi	Buckingham
		†Volutifusus kissimmeensis	Fruitville
		†Volutifusus obtusus	Pinecrest Beds
		†Volutifusus spengleri

Scaphopods

Family	Genus	Species	Notes	Image
Dentaliidae	Dentalium	†Dentalium caloosaense	Unassessed
		Dentalium ceratum
		Dentalium eboreum
		†Dentalium prisma	Unassessed	Dentalium prisma, a scaphopod needing further taxonomic assessment
		Dentalium sp.
	Siphonodentalium	Siphonodentalium sp.
Gadilidae	Polyschides	Polyschides quadridentatus
Gadilidae	Gadila	Gadila sp.

Plants

Plants are known from pollen samples and spores.^[4]

Angiosperms

Family	Genus	Species	Member	Notes	Image
Altingiaceae	Liquidamber
Asteraceae	Aster	Aster sp.	Pinecrest Beds Units 3–4, 6–7,10, 11,	Pollen
	Cichorioideae Indet.
	Indet.		Pinecrest Beds Units 3–4, 6–7, 11,
	Iva	Iva sp.
Aquifoliaceae	Ilex	Ilex sp.
Betulaceae	Betula	Betula sp.		Birch pollen
Fabaceae	Indet.
Fagaceae	Fagus	Fagus sp.		Beech
Quercus	Quercus sp.			Oak	Quercus sp. from the Bone Valley Formation of Polk County, a contemporary of the Lower Tamiami (s.l.)
Juglandaceae	Juglans	Juglans sp.
Lamiaceae	Indet.
Platanaceae	Platanus	Platanus sp.
Poaceae	Indet.
Polygonaceae	Polygonum	Polygonum sp.
Sapindaceae	Acer	Acer sp.	Pinecrest Beds, Units 6–7,10 (Petuch zones)

Conifers

Family	Genus	Species	Member	Abundance	Notes	Image
Pinaceae	Pinus	Indet.	Pinecrest Beds	Common	Pollen

Chlorophytines

Family	Genus	Species	Member	Abundance	Notes	Image
Halimedaceae	Halimeda	Indet.	Golden Gates Reef^[2]	common

Ferns

Family	Genus	Species	Member	Abundance	Notes	Image
Osmundaceae	Osmunda
Polypodiaceae	Polypodium
Lycopodiaceae	Lycopodium

Porifera

Family	Genus	Abundance	Notes	Image
Clionaidae	Cliona	common	Known from the presence of Entobia	Entobia sp. on a weathered Perna conradina from the Pinecrest Beds
Entobiaidae	Entobia	common	Ichnofossil Cliona
Indeterminate		Extremely common	Spiracles

Reptiles

Aves^[18]

Family	Genus	Species	Member	Abundance	Notes	Image
Anatidae	†Anabernicula	†Anabernicula sp.	Pinecrest Beds (Bird Layer)		Pygmy goose
	Anas
	Aythya
	Dendrocygna
Ardeidae	Ardea					Ardea sp. femur from the bird layer of the Pinecrest Beds of Sarasota County
	Botaurus
	Egretta	Egretta sp.			Egret
Cathartidae	Gymnogyps		Pinecrest Beds (Bird Layer)	One bone	Condor
Larinae	Larus	Larus sp. 1
Larinae	Larus	Larus sp. 2
Phalacrocoracidae	Phalacrocorax	†Phalacrocorax filyawi		137 articulated complete and partial skeletons	Cormorant, officially assigned to Phalacrocorax but is closest related to members of Urile	Phalacrocorax filyawi bones from the Bird Layer of the Pinecrest Beds of Sarasota County
Phoenicopteridae	Phoenicopterus	Phoenicopterus sp.			flamingo
Podicipedidae	Podilymbus	Podilymbus podiceps			Grebes
Podicipedidae	Incertae sedis				Grebes
Procellaridae	Indeterminate
Rallidae	Fulica
	Gallinula
	Laterallus
	Porphyrula
	Rallus
Scolopacidae	Calidris	Calidris alba			Sanderling
Stercorariidae	Stercorarius	Stercorarius sp.

Crocodilia

Family	Genus	Species	Member	Abundance	Notes	Image
Alligatoridae	Alligator	Indet

Squamates

Family	Genus	Species	Member	Abundance	Notes	Image
Colubridae	Nerodia	Nerodia taxispilota
Colubridae	Indeterminate

Testudines

Family	Genus	Species	Member	Abundance	Notes	Image
Chelydridae	Macroclemys	Macroclemys cf. temminckii	Pinecrest Beds
Emydidae	Indeterminate				Possibly Pseudemys platymarginata
	Terrapene	Terrapene cf. carolina			Common Box Turtle
	Pseudemys	†Pseudemys platymarginata			Extinct pond turtle
Kinosternidae	Kinosternon	Kinosternon cf. baurii
Testudinidae	†Hesperotestudo	†Hesperotestudo cf. crassiscutata			Extinct Giant Tortoise	Hesperotestudo sp. shell fragment of a giant tortoise from the Okeechobee Group (likely Caloosahatchee Formation) of Hillsborough County
Testudinidae	†Hesperotestudo	Indet.			Extinct Giant Tortoise
Trionychidae	Apalone	Apalone cf. ferox		Plasteron fragments and humerus	Florida Softshell Turtle

Notes

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 As of 2021 the Murdock Station Unit is regarded as a separate formation by Petuch. As of 2026, the Murdock Station Unit is still regarded as a member of the Tamiami, and other authors have abandoned it entirely. The unit is included here as Tamiami Formation sensu latissimo.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Petuch regards the Bayshore unit as a separate formation. As of 2026 it is still regarded as a member of the Tamiami Formation by the PRI.

References

^[10]

↑ Peck, Douglas M.; Slater, David H.; Missimer, Tom M.; Wise, Sherwood W. Jr.; O'Donnell, Thomas H. (1979). "Stratigraphy and Paleoecology of the Tamiami Formation in Lee and Hendry Counties, Florida (1)". Journal of the Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies. 29.
1 2 3 4 Meeder, J. F.; Klaus, J. S.; Grasmueck, M. (2019-09-20). "Ramp reef depositional facies model for the Mid-Pliocene Golden Gates Reef Member of the Tamiami Formation, South Florida". Facies. 65 (4): 40. Bibcode:2019Faci...65...40M. doi:10.1007/s10347-019-0582-3. ISSN 1612-4820.
1 2 Morgan, Gary (2005-12-31). "The Great American Biotic Interchange in Florida". Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History. 45 (4): 271–312. doi:10.58782/flmnh.pkqn7297. ISSN 2373-9991.
1 2 Willard, Debra A. (1993). "Pliocene palynomorph census data from the Pinecrest Beds (Tamiami Formation) in Quality Aggregates Phase 6 Pit, southwestern Florida". USGS Report. Open-File Report: 102. Bibcode:1993usgs.rept..102W. doi:10.3133/ofr93563. Retrieved 2026-08-13.
1 2 Perez, Victor; Marks, Kenneth (2017-10-18). "The first documented fossil records of Isistius and Squatina (Chondrichthyes) from Florida, with an overview of the associated vertebrate fauna". Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History. 55 (7): 139–155. doi:10.58782/flmnh.ewxq4679. ISSN 2373-9991.
1 2 Missimer, TM (2001). "Late Paleogene and Neogene chronostratigraphy of Lee County, Florida" (PDF). scholar.archive.org. Retrieved 2026-08-15.
↑ "Glottidia inexpectans". Neogene Atlas of Ancient Life. Retrieved 2026-08-14.
↑ Iv, Harry M. Maisch; Becker, Martin A.; Perez, Victor J.; Shimada, Kenshu (2025-10-19). "Sharks and rays (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii) from the Peace River and Tamiami formations (Late Miocene–Early Pliocene) on the submerged continental shelf near Venice, Florida, USA". Palaeontologia Electronica. 28 (3): 1–99. doi:10.26879/1529. ISSN 1094-8074.
↑ Collins, J. S. H.; Portell, R. W.; Donovan, S. K. (2009-03-01). "Decapod crustaceans from the Neogene of the Caribbean: diversity, distribution and prospectus". Scripta Geologica (138): 55–111. ISSN 0375-7587.
1 2 "Florida Museum Invertebrate Paleontology Collection". specifyportal.floridamuseum.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2026-08-22.
↑ Klompmaker, Adiël A.; Portell, Roger W.; van der Meij, Sancia E. T. (2016-03-24). "Trace fossil evidence of coral-inhabiting crabs (Cryptochiridae) and its implications for growth and paleobiogeography". Scientific Reports. 6 (1) 23443. Bibcode:2016NatSR...623443K. doi:10.1038/srep23443. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4806305. PMID 27009806.
↑ Bishop, Gale A.; Portell, Roger W. (1989-07-01). "Pliocene Crab-sea Star Association From Southwest Florida". Journal of Crustacean Biology. 9 (3): 453–458. Bibcode:1989JCBio...9..453.. doi:10.1163/193724089X00430. ISSN 0278-0372.
1 2 Bender, Heather (2015-04-20). "Reconstructing Paleoenvironments of the Plio-Pleistocene Tamiami Formation of Florida with Benthic Foraminifera". USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations.
↑ Heilprin, Angelo (1887). Explorations on the west coast of Florida and in the Okeechobee wilderness : with special reference to the geology and zoology of the Floridian peninsula : a narrative of researches undertaken under the auspices of the Wagner Free Institute of Science of Philadelphia / by Angelo Heilprin. Philadelphia: The Institute. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.28296.
↑ "Agnocardia spinosifrons". Neogene Atlas of Ancient Life. Retrieved 2026-08-13.
↑ "Panchione ulocyma". Neogene Atlas of Ancient Life. Retrieved 2026-08-14.
↑ "Trigonulina ornata d'Orbigny, 1853 Ornate Verticord". jaxshells.org. Retrieved 2026-08-13.
↑ Emslie, Steven D.; Morgan, Gary S. (1994-04-29). "A Catastrophic Death Assemblage and Paleoclimatic Implications of Pliocene Seabirds of Florida". Science. 264 (5159): 684–685. Bibcode:1994Sci...264..684E. doi:10.1126/science.264.5159.684. PMID 17737952.

[Murdock-9] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 As of 2021 the Murdock Station Unit is regarded as a separate formation by Petuch. As of 2026, the Murdock Station Unit is still regarded as a member of the Tamiami, and other authors have abandoned it entirely. The unit is included here as Tamiami Formation sensu latissimo.

[Bayshore-14] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Petuch regards the Bayshore unit as a separate formation. As of 2026 it is still regarded as a member of the Tamiami Formation by the PRI.

[1] Peck, Douglas M.; Slater, David H.; Missimer, Tom M.; Wise, Sherwood W. Jr.; O'Donnell, Thomas H. (1979). "Stratigraphy and Paleoecology of the Tamiami Formation in Lee and Hendry Counties, Florida (1)". Journal of the Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies. 29.

[:0-2] 1 2 3 4 Meeder, J. F.; Klaus, J. S.; Grasmueck, M. (2019-09-20). "Ramp reef depositional facies model for the Mid-Pliocene Golden Gates Reef Member of the Tamiami Formation, South Florida". Facies. 65 (4): 40. Bibcode:2019Faci...65...40M. doi:10.1007/s10347-019-0582-3. ISSN 1612-4820.

[:1-3] 1 2 Morgan, Gary (2005-12-31). "The Great American Biotic Interchange in Florida". Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History. 45 (4): 271–312. doi:10.58782/flmnh.pkqn7297. ISSN 2373-9991.

[:2-4] 1 2 Willard, Debra A. (1993). "Pliocene palynomorph census data from the Pinecrest Beds (Tamiami Formation) in Quality Aggregates Phase 6 Pit, southwestern Florida". USGS Report. Open-File Report: 102. Bibcode:1993usgs.rept..102W. doi:10.3133/ofr93563. Retrieved 2026-08-13.

[:5-5] 1 2 Perez, Victor; Marks, Kenneth (2017-10-18). "The first documented fossil records of Isistius and Squatina (Chondrichthyes) from Florida, with an overview of the associated vertebrate fauna". Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History. 55 (7): 139–155. doi:10.58782/flmnh.ewxq4679. ISSN 2373-9991.

[:3-6] 1 2 Missimer, TM (2001). "Late Paleogene and Neogene chronostratigraphy of Lee County, Florida" (PDF). scholar.archive.org. Retrieved 2026-08-15.

[7] "Glottidia inexpectans". Neogene Atlas of Ancient Life. Retrieved 2026-08-14.

[8] Iv, Harry M. Maisch; Becker, Martin A.; Perez, Victor J.; Shimada, Kenshu (2025-10-19). "Sharks and rays (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii) from the Peace River and Tamiami formations (Late Miocene–Early Pliocene) on the submerged continental shelf near Venice, Florida, USA". Palaeontologia Electronica. 28 (3): 1–99. doi:10.26879/1529. ISSN 1094-8074.

[10] Collins, J. S. H.; Portell, R. W.; Donovan, S. K. (2009-03-01). "Decapod crustaceans from the Neogene of the Caribbean: diversity, distribution and prospectus". Scripta Geologica (138): 55–111. ISSN 0375-7587.

[:6-11] 1 2 "Florida Museum Invertebrate Paleontology Collection". specifyportal.floridamuseum.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2026-08-22.

[12] Klompmaker, Adiël A.; Portell, Roger W.; van der Meij, Sancia E. T. (2016-03-24). "Trace fossil evidence of coral-inhabiting crabs (Cryptochiridae) and its implications for growth and paleobiogeography". Scientific Reports. 6 (1) 23443. Bibcode:2016NatSR...623443K. doi:10.1038/srep23443. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4806305. PMID 27009806.

[13] Bishop, Gale A.; Portell, Roger W. (1989-07-01). "Pliocene Crab-sea Star Association From Southwest Florida". Journal of Crustacean Biology. 9 (3): 453–458. Bibcode:1989JCBio...9..453.. doi:10.1163/193724089X00430. ISSN 0278-0372.

[:4-15] 1 2 Bender, Heather (2015-04-20). "Reconstructing Paleoenvironments of the Plio-Pleistocene Tamiami Formation of Florida with Benthic Foraminifera". USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations.

[16] Heilprin, Angelo (1887). Explorations on the west coast of Florida and in the Okeechobee wilderness : with special reference to the geology and zoology of the Floridian peninsula : a narrative of researches undertaken under the auspices of the Wagner Free Institute of Science of Philadelphia / by Angelo Heilprin. Philadelphia: The Institute. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.28296.

[17] "Agnocardia spinosifrons". Neogene Atlas of Ancient Life. Retrieved 2026-08-13.

[18] "Panchione ulocyma". Neogene Atlas of Ancient Life. Retrieved 2026-08-14.

[19] "Trigonulina ornata d'Orbigny, 1853 Ornate Verticord". jaxshells.org. Retrieved 2026-08-13.

[20] Emslie, Steven D.; Morgan, Gary S. (1994-04-29). "A Catastrophic Death Assemblage and Paleoclimatic Implications of Pliocene Seabirds of Florida". Science. 264 (5159): 684–685. Bibcode:1994Sci...264..684E. doi:10.1126/science.264.5159.684. PMID 17737952.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[a]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[b]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]