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Outline of the Holocaust

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The Holocaust
Part of World War II
Large number of people standing beside a railway siding with the camp gate in the background
Jews arriving at Auschwitz II in German-occupied Poland, May 1944. Most were selected for execution in gas chambers.
LocationEurope, primarily German-occupied Poland and the Soviet Union
Date1941–1945
Attack type
Genocide, ethnic cleansing, mass murder, mass shooting, death marches, poison gas, hate crime, slavery
DeathsAround 6 million Jews[a]
PerpetratorsNazi Germany along with its collaborators and allies

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Wikipedia articles about the Holocaust.[b]

The Holocaust, known in Hebrew as the Shoah, was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. From 1941 to 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered around six million Jews across German-occupied Europe, approximately two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population. The murders were committed primarily through mass shootings across Eastern Europe and poison gas chambers in extermination camps, chiefly Auschwitz-Birkenau, Treblinka, Belzec, Sobibor, Chełmno and Majdanek death camps in occupied Poland.[1][2][3]

Concurrent Nazi persecutions killed millions of other non-Jewish civilians and prisoners of war (POWs); the term Holocaust is sometimes used to include the murder and persecution of non-Jewish groups, such as the Romani and Soviet POWs. The Nazi regime also persecuted and killed millions of other people, among them disabled people, Poles, homosexual men and Jehovah's Witnesses.[4][5][6]

Main articles

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Antisemitism

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Planning

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Organizations

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German organizations

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Collaborators

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Jewish councils and police

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Companies

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Victims

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Persecution

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Early persecution

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Badges

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Deportations

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Plunder and forced labor

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Killing

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Massacres

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Medical killing

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Methods of killing

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Camp system

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Camp terminology

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Guards and functionaries

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Locations

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Ghettos

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Concentration camps

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Extermination camps

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Transit camps

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Internment camps

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Other

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People

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Nazi leadership and senior SS, police and state officials

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Einsatzgruppen and mobile killing operations

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Camp commandants and senior camp staff

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Medical and "euthanasia" programme personnel

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Occupation, ghetto and deportation administration

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By country

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Resistance

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Rescue

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Responses

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Aftermath

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Trials

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Survivors

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Restitution

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Historiography and memory

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Historiography

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Education

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Memorials

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Denial

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Documentation

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Bibliography

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  • Arad, Y. (1987). Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka: The Operation Reinhard death camps. Indiana University Press.[7][8]
  • Arad, Y. (2009). Holocaust in the Soviet Union. University of Nebraska Press.[9][10]
  • Braham, R. L. (1981). The politics of genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary (Vols. 1–2). Columbia University Press.[11][12]
  • Breitman, R., & Lichtman, A. J. (2013). FDR and the Jews. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.[13][14]
  • Evans, R. J. (2004). The coming of the Third Reich. Penguin Press.[15][16]
  • Evans, R. J. (2005). The Third Reich in power, 1933–1939. Penguin Press.[17][18]
  • Evans, R. J. (2009). The Third Reich at war, 1939–1945. Penguin Press.[19][20]
  • Friedlander, H. (1995). The origins of Nazi genocide: From euthanasia to the final solution. University of North Carolina Press.[21][22]
  • Friedländer, S. (2007). The years of extermination: Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1939–1945. HarperCollins.[23][24]
  • Gerwarth, R. (2011). Hitler's hangman: The life of Heydrich. Yale University Press.[25][26]
  • Grabowski, J. (2013). Hunt for the Jews: Betrayal and murder in German-occupied Poland. Indiana University Press.[27][28]
  • Hilberg, R. (2003). The destruction of the European Jews (3rd ed.). Yale University Press.
  • Ioanid, R. (2000). The Holocaust in Romania: The destruction of Jews and Gypsies under the Antonescu regime, 1940–1944. Ivan R. Dee.[29]
  • Kay, A. J. (2006). Exploitation, resettlement, mass murder: Political and economic planning for German occupation policy in the Soviet Union, 1940–1941. Berghahn Books.[30][31]
  • Kay, A. J. (2021). Empire of destruction: A history of Nazi mass killing. Yale University Press.[32]
  • Kershaw, I. (2008). Hitler: A biography. W. W. Norton.
  • Lewy, G. (2000). The Nazi persecution of the Gypsies. Oxford University Press.[33][34]
  • Lidegaard, B. (2013). Countrymen. Knopf.[35]
  • Longerich, P. (2010). Holocaust: The Nazi persecution and murder of the Jews. Oxford University Press.
  • Longerich, P. (2012). Heinrich Himmler: A life (J. Noakes & L. Sharpe, Trans.). Oxford University Press.[36][37]
  • Marrus, M. R., & Paxton, R. O. (1996). Vichy France and the Jews. Stanford University Press.[38][39]
  • Michman, D. (Ed.). (1998). Belgium and the Holocaust: Jews, Belgians, Germans. Yad Vashem.
  • Moore, B. (1997). Victims and survivors: The Nazi persecution of the Jews in the Netherlands, 1940–1945. Arnold.[40][41]
  • Penton, J. (2004). Jehovah's Witnesses and the Third Reich: Sectarian politics under persecution. University of Toronto Press.[42][43]
  • Phayer, M. (2000). The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930–1965. Indiana University Press.[44][45]
  • Ragaru, N. (2023). Bulgaria, the Jews, and the Holocaust: On the origins of a heroic narrative. Boydell & Brewer.
  • Sarfatti, M. (2006). The Jews in Mussolini's Italy: From equality to persecution. University of Wisconsin Press.[46][47]
  • Wachsmann, N. (2015). KL: A history of the Nazi concentration camps. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.[48][49]
  • Whisnant, C. J. (2016). Queer identities and politics in Germany: A history, 1880–1945. Harrington Park Press.[50][51]

See also

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References

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Notes

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  1. ↑ Scholarly estimates fall in a range between 5.7 million and 6.2 million
  2. ↑ This outline covers the persecution and systematic murder of Jews and other targeted groups by Nazi Germany before and during World War II.

Citations

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  1. ↑ Longerich, Peter (2010). Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews. Oxford University Press.
  2. ↑ Hilberg, Raul (2003). The Destruction of the European Jews (3rd ed.). Yale University Press.
  3. ↑ Friedländer, Saul (2007). The Years of Extermination: Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1939–1945. HarperCollins.
  4. ↑ Burleigh, Michael (1994). Death and Deliverance: "Euthanasia" in Germany c. 1900–1945. Cambridge University Press.
  5. ↑ Burleigh, Michael; Wippermann, Wolfgang (1991). The Racial State: Germany 1933–1945. Cambridge University Press.
  6. ↑ Gellately, Robert; Stoltzfus, Nathan, eds. (2001). Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany. Princeton University Press.
  7. ↑ Conway, John S. (1989). "Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka: The Operation Reinhard Death Camps". The International History Review. 11 (2): 385–387. JSTOR 40106030.
  8. ↑ Baron, Lawrence (1988). "Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka: The Operation Reinhard Death Camps". The American Historical Review. 93 (2): 450. JSTOR 1860005.
  9. ↑ Liekis, Šarūnas (2010). "The Holocaust in the Soviet Union". Journal of Baltic Studies. 41 (4): 560–562. JSTOR 43212992.
  10. ↑ Lower, Wendy (2011). "The Holocaust in the Soviet Union". Russian Review. 70 (1): 156–157. JSTOR 41061819.
  11. ↑ Vago, Bela (1981). "The Politics of Genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary". Jewish Social Studies. 43 (3–4): 336–338. JSTOR 4467147.
  12. ↑ Held, Joseph (1982). "The Politics of Genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary". The Journal of Modern History. 54 (3): 631–632. JSTOR 1906270.
  13. ↑ Schwartz, Donald (2014). "FDR and the Jews". The History Teacher. 47 (2): 305–306. JSTOR 43264232.
  14. ↑ Fink, Carole (2014). "FDR and the Jews". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 44 (4): 562–564. JSTOR 43829553.
  15. ↑ Gregor, Neil (2005). "The Coming of the Third Reich". The English Historical Review. 120 (485): 173–175. JSTOR 3489775.
  16. ↑ Schilling, Donald G. (2005). "The Coming of the Third Reich". The Historian. 67 (3): 562–563. JSTOR 24453199.
  17. ↑ Schilling, Donald G. (2007). "The Third Reich in Power, 1933–1939". The Historian. 69 (2): 371–373. JSTOR 24453711.
  18. ↑ Mullender, Richard (2008). "Nazi Law and the Concept of Community". The University of Toronto Law Journal. 58 (3): 377–387. JSTOR 20109853.
  19. ↑ Citino, Robert M. (2010). "The Third Reich at War". Central European History. 43 (3): 535–537. JSTOR 27856230.
  20. ↑ Ericson, Ed III (2011). "The Third Reich at War". The Historian. 73 (2): 382–383. JSTOR 24455142.
  21. ↑ Weinberg, Gerhard L. (1996). "The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution". German Studies Review. 19 (1): 176–179. JSTOR 1431740.
  22. ↑ Breitman, Richard (1996). "The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution". Central European History. 29 (3): 445–447. JSTOR 4546640.
  23. ↑ Heinegg, Peter (2008). "The Years of Extermination: Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1939–1945". CrossCurrents. 58 (1): 177–180. JSTOR 24461662.
  24. ↑ Stargardt, Nicholas (2009). "Fulfilling the Prophecy". History Workshop Journal (67): 261–270. JSTOR 40646227.
  25. ↑ Hancock, Eleanor (2013). "Hitler's Hangman: The Life and Death of Reinhard Heydrich". Central European History. 46 (2): 445–446. JSTOR 43280604.
  26. ↑ Epstein, Catherine (2013). "Hitler's Hangman: The Life of Heydrich". The English Historical Review. 128 (534): 1303–1306. JSTOR 24474734.
  27. ↑ Zimmerman, Joshua D. (2016). "Hunt for the Jews: Betrayal and Murder in German-Occupied Poland". The Journal of Modern History. 88 (1): 239–240. JSTOR 26547511.
  28. ↑ Lehmann, Rosa (2016). "Hunt for the Jews: Betrayal and Murder in German-Occupied Poland". The American Historical Review. 121 (4): 1382–1383. JSTOR 43956104.
  29. ↑ Chirot, Daniel (2001). "The Holocaust in Romania: The Destruction of Jews and Gypsies under the Antonescu Regime, 1940-1944". The American Historical Review. 106 (3): 1086–1087. JSTOR 2692510.
  30. ↑ Lumans, Valdis O. (2007). "Exploitation, Resettlement, Mass Murder: Political and Economic Planning for German Occupation Policy in the Soviet Union, 1940-1941". Central European History. 40 (4): 755–757. JSTOR 20457303.
  31. ↑ Harrison, Mark (2008). "Exploitation, Resettlement, Mass Murder: Political and Economic Planning for German Occupation Policy in the Soviet Union, 1940-1941". The American Historical Review. 113 (5): 1607–1608. JSTOR 30223601.
  32. ↑ Freedman, Lawrence D. (2022). "Empire of Destruction: A History of Nazi Mass Killing". Foreign Affairs. 101 (1): 193. JSTOR 27121538.
  33. ↑ Black, Peter (2002). "The Nazi Persecution of the Gypsies". Central European History. 35 (1): 140–144. JSTOR 4547173.
  34. ↑ Kaufman, Alex (2003). "The Nazi Persecution of the Gypsies". Shofar. 21 (2): 164–166. JSTOR 42943248.
  35. ↑ Moravcsik, Andrew (2014). "Countrymen". Foreign Affairs. 93 (2): 178. JSTOR 24483618.
  36. ↑ Baird, Jay W. (2012). "Heinrich Himmler: A Life". The Historian. 74 (3): 621–623. JSTOR 24455977.
  37. ↑ Breitman, Richard (2013). "Heinrich Himmler". The American Historical Review. 118 (1): 273. JSTOR 23425608.
  38. ↑ Longfellow, David L. (1982). "Vichy France and the Jews". Journal of Church and State. 24 (3): 626–628. JSTOR 23916684.
  39. ↑ Kselman, Thomas (1983). "Anti-Semitism in Vichy France". The Review of Politics. 45 (4): 638–639. JSTOR 1407178.
  40. ↑ Levene, Mark (1999). "Victims and Survivors: The Nazi Persecution of the Jews in the Netherlands, 1940–1945". History. 84 (273): 208–209. JSTOR 24424869.
  41. ↑ Hoffenberg, Peter (1999). "Victims and Survivors: The Nazi Persecution of the Jews in the Netherlands, 1940-1945". Shofar. 17 (4): 129–132. JSTOR 42942954.
  42. ↑ Singelenberg, Richard (2005). "Jehovah's Witnesses and the Third Reich: Sectarian Politics under Persecution". Journal of Church and State. 47 (3): 626–627. JSTOR 23920614.
  43. ↑ Spicer, Kevin P. (2006). "Jehovah's Witnesses and the Third Reich: Sectarian Politics under Persecution". Church History. 75 (1): 203–205. JSTOR 27644740.
  44. ↑ Polonsky, Antony (2001). "The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930-1965". The American Historical Review. 106 (4): 1449–1450. JSTOR 2693098.
  45. ↑ Bergen, Doris L. (2006). "The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930-1965". Church History. 75 (1): 201–203. JSTOR 27644739.
  46. ↑ de Grand, Alexander (2007). "The Jews in Mussolini's Italy: From Equality to Persecution". The American Historical Review. 112 (3): 948–949. JSTOR 40006829.
  47. ↑ Pugliese, Stanislao G. (2008). "The Jews in Mussolini's Italy: From Equality to Persecution". The Catholic Historical Review. 94 (2): 391–392. JSTOR 25027340.
  48. ↑ Laczó, Ferenc (2015). "KL: A History of the Nazi Concentration Camps". The Hungarian Historical Review. 4 (4): 1047–1050. JSTOR 24575858.
  49. ↑ Marcuse, Harold (2017). "KL: A History of the Nazi Concentration Camps". The American Historical Review. 122 (1): 139–141. JSTOR 26576548.
  50. ↑ von Wahl, Angelika (2017). "Queer Identities and Politics in Germany: A History 1880-1945". German Politics & Society. 35 (4): 136–139. JSTOR 48561627.
  51. ↑ Jensen, Erik (2017). "Queer Identities and Politics in Germany: A History, 1880–1945". The American Historical Review. 122 (3): 945–946. JSTOR 26577070.
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Memorial sites

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Museums and educational resources

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