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Education in Chile

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Education in Chile
Ministry of Education
Minister
Undersecretary		María Paz Arzola
Daniel Rodríguez Morales[1]
National education budget (2026)
BudgetUS$16.8 billion[2]
General details
Primary languagesSpanish
Literacy (2022)
Total96.9%1[3]
Enrollment (2020)
Total5.08 million
Attainment (2022)
Secondary diploma68%2
Post-secondary diploma41.2%2
1 Population 15 and over.
2 Population 19 and over.

Education in Chile is provided by a mixed system of public, privately run but publicly subsidized, and fully private institutions, overseen by the Ministry of Education. Under the General Education Law of 2009, the system has four levels: early childhood education (educación parvularia), primary education (enseñanza básica), secondary education (enseñanza media) and higher education.[4] Schooling is compulsory from the last year of early childhood education (kindergarten) through the end of secondary school.[5] Attendance at the compulsory levels is close to universal.[6]

Since the reforms of the 1980s, most schools have been funded through a voucher-style subsidy, and public schools were run by municipalities until a gradual transfer to new regional Local Public Education Services began in the late 2010s. The system is highly stratified by family income, and its fairness and quality have been a leading subject of political debate. Student movements in 2006 and 2011 helped bring about reforms, including the 2009 General Education Law, a 2015 inclusion law that ended selective admissions and for-profit operation in subsidized schools, and fee-free tuition for lower-income higher education students since 2016.[7][8]

Chile ranks among the top performers in Latin America on the PISA assessment, but below the OECD average, and its 2025 results fell in mathematics and reading.[9]

History

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La lección de geografía by Chilean painter Alfredo Valenzuela Puelma

Independence and the nineteenth century

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After independence, the new republic built an educational framework that included the National Library (1813) and the Instituto Nacional (founded in 1813), and decreed free primary schools for towns with more than fifty residents.[10][11] Under President Manuel Bulnes (1841–1851), the government created teacher-training colleges for primary school teachers and established the University of Chile in 1842, with Andrés Bello as its first rector.[12][13] A 1860 law made primary education free and the responsibility of the state, and it created an inspectorate to supervise state schools.[14]

Church-run and state-run education coexisted throughout the century, and disputes over state supervision of teaching versus freedom of instruction led to the founding of the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile in 1888, the country's first private university.[10] The Pedagogical Institute, created in 1889 under the University of Chile, was established to train secondary school teachers.[10]

Twentieth century

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The 1920 Compulsory Primary Instruction Law was celebrated with a national holiday and a civic ceremony on 29 August 1920

The Compulsory Primary Instruction Law of 1920 made primary schooling obligatory and closed the period in which the primary system was consolidated.[14] It set the minimum at four years of schooling, and by 1929 the minimum had been raised to six years.

The first university outside Santiago, the University of Concepción, opened in 1921. It was followed in regional cities by the Pontifical Catholic University of Valparaíso (1928), Federico Santa María Technical University (1931), the Austral University of Chile (1954) and the Catholic University of the North (1956). The Technical University of the State was formed in 1947 by merging the School of Arts and Crafts with other public technical institutes. The Council of Rectors of Chilean Universities (CRUCH) was established in 1954 to coordinate the traditional universities.

A 1965 reform under President Eduardo Frei Montalva set the structure that has survived to the present: eight years of compulsory primary school and four years of secondary school.

After the 1973 coup, the military government decentralized and liberalized parts of the system while curtailing democratic participation in education. In 1981 it divided the University of Chile and the Technical University of the State into regional and metropolitan universities, authorized private universities outside the Council of Rectors, and created professional institutes and technical training centers. Public schools were transferred from the state to municipalities, and subsidized private schools were allowed to compete with them for students and public funding.[7] A 1990 organic law on education, the Ley Orgánica Constitucional de Enseñanza (LOCE), was issued on the eve of the return to democracy and set out minimum requirements for schooling.

Following the return to democracy, successive governments increased investment in school infrastructure and teaching, adopted the Teaching Statute in 1992, and from 1996 began introducing the full school day together with a curriculum overhaul.[7] In 2003 a constitutional reform under President Ricardo Lagos made secondary education compulsory and free, which guaranteed twelve years of schooling.[15]

Twenty-first century

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The 2006 student protests, known as the "Penguin Revolution," put education at the center of national politics, and student protests have recurred almost annually since.[16] The protests led to the replacement of the LOCE in 2009 by the General Education Law (Law 20.370), which changed admission rules, the curriculum and the recognition of schools.[4] A second, larger wave of protests followed in 2011, focused on the cost and quality of higher education and on for-profit operation.[7]

Several university closures and scandals eroded public confidence in higher education, including the closure of the Universidad ARCIS,[17] the bankruptcy of the Universidad del Mar,[18] and allegations that members of the National Accreditation Commission had sold accreditations to private universities.[19]

Under the second administration of Michelle Bachelet, a series of reforms began. A 2015 inclusion law banned selective admissions in publicly funded schools, phased out parental co-payments in subsidized private schools and prohibited those schools from operating for profit, with gradual implementation.[7] Fee-free tuition (gratuidad) for lower-income students began in 2016 through the annual budget law[20] and was later codified in the Higher Education Law (Law 21.091), in force since 29 May 2018.[21] Law 21.040 of 2017 created a new public education system that transfers schools from the country's 345 municipalities to 70 Local Public Education Services (Servicios Locales de Educación Pública, SLEP).[22]

Administration and regulation

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[edit]

Chile has acceded to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), whose article 26 declares education a right, and to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966), whose article 13 does likewise. Both are given constitutional rank through article 5 of the Constitution.[23]

Article 19 of the Constitution guarantees the right to education (no. 10) and freedom of education (no. 11). The right to education includes the preferential right and duty of parents to educate their children, compulsory schooling from kindergarten through secondary school, and the state's duty to finance a free system. Freedom of education includes the right to open, organize and maintain schools within limits set by morality, public order and national security, and it requires a constitutional organic law to regulate these matters. The constitutional protection writ (recurso de protección) covers only freedom of education.[5]

The General Education Law (LGE, Law 20.370) of 2009 governs school education, and its provisions were consolidated with the surviving parts of the LOCE into a single legal text by decree in 2010 (DFL 2).[24] The provisions of the LOCE that apply to higher education institutions remain in force.

Institutions

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The Ministry of Education sets policy and is supported by undersecretariats for education, early childhood education and higher education.[1] The 2009 General Education Law replaced the Superior Council of Education with the National Council of Education. A 2011 quality-assurance law then divided the ministry's functions into three bodies and created two new regulators: the Superintendency of Education, which enforces rules and manages complaints, and the Agency for Quality in Education, which evaluates and orders schools. Both began operating in the second half of 2012.[25] Law 20.835 of 2015 created the Undersecretariat for Early Childhood Education and an Early Childhood Education Intendancy.[26] In 2025 Law 21.753 modernized the early childhood sector with the aim of strengthening quality, oversight and coverage.[4] Higher education is regulated by a separate Superintendency of Higher Education created under Law 21.091.[21]

The transfer of public schools to the 70 planned SLEPs has been slower than originally scheduled. As of January 2026, 36 SLEPs were operating, serving more than 642,000 students and children in over 3,000 schools,[27] and the schedule for completing the transfer was extended to 2029.[28]

Structure

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Levels of the Chilean education system
LevelSpanish nameTypical agesNotes
Early childhoodEducación parvularia0–5Last level (kindergarten) is compulsory
PrimaryEnseñanza básica6–13Eight grades in two cycles
SecondaryEnseñanza media14–17Four grades; scientific-humanistic, technical-professional or artistic
Higher educationEducación superior18 and overUniversities, professional institutes, technical training centers

In 2020, Chile had 16,474 educational establishments: 4,373 for early childhood, 11,342 for primary and secondary education, and 140 higher education institutions. National enrollment that year was 5,079,313 students.[29]

Early childhood education

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An early childhood educator with her students

Early childhood education serves children from 85 days of age to six years. The levels are:[30]

  • Sala Cuna Menor: children between 85 days and one year of age
  • Sala Cuna Mayor: between one and two years
  • Nivel Medio Menor: between two and three years
  • Nivel Medio Mayor: between three and four years
  • Primer Nivel de Transición (pre-kindergarten): between four and five years
  • Segundo Nivel de Transición (kindergarten): between five and six years

The law establishes free access to the last two levels.[24] A constitutional reform in 2013, announced by President Sebastián Piñera, made kindergarten compulsory and a prerequisite for entering primary school, which brought guaranteed schooling to thirteen years.[31][32] Early childhood care is provided by nurseries and kindergartens run by municipalities, subsidized private operators, private operators, the National Board of Kindergartens (JUNJI) and the Fundación Integra foundation.

Early childhood enrollment has been falling because of Chile's declining birth rate; it dropped by about 15 percent over the five years to 2025, the largest decline of any level.[33] Coverage in 2009 was 37.42% for children aged 0 to 5.[34]

Primary and secondary education

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Primary school students

Primary and secondary school are compulsory for all Chileans.[24] The 1965 reform established primary education as the initial cycle of schooling. Before that, legislation in 1920 had established four years of minimum mandatory education, raised to six in 1929. Primary school lasts eight years in two cycles:

  • First cycle: 1st grade (ages 6–7) through 4th grade (ages 9–10)
  • Second cycle: 5th grade (ages 10–11) through 8th grade (ages 13–14)

Secondary education lasts four years and is divided into scientific-humanistic (the standard academic track), technical-professional (vocational) and artistic programs. The first two years follow the same curriculum in all three, and the last two are differentiated by the orientation of the school.[4] From the third year of the scientific-humanistic track, students can choose more advanced coursework in science (mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology) or humanities (literature, history, philosophy). Technical-professional schools are mainly:

  • Industrial schools: electricity, mechanics, electronics, informatics, among others
  • Commercial schools: management, accountancy, secretarial work and similar fields
  • Technical schools: fashion, culinary arts, nursing and the like
  • Agricultural schools
  • Polyvalent schools, which offer programs from more than one of the types above

Most students who choose the vocational branch come from disadvantaged socioeconomic backgrounds.[35] The 2003 constitutional reform established free and compulsory secondary education for all Chileans up to the age of 21.[36] Adult education and special education (educación diferencial) are separate modalities within primary and secondary education.[37]

Proposed change to a 6+6 structure

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The 2009 General Education Law provided for a change to six years of primary and six years of secondary school, with specialist teachers beginning in what is now 7th grade. A 2017 law postponed its start from 2018 to 2026 because of the number of teachers who would need to specialize and the infrastructure that would be required.[38] In January 2026 the government proposed postponing it again to 2030, and the 8+4 structure remains in operation.[39]

Types of schools and funding

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Chilean students presenting a PowerPoint about the Americas, in Escuela Barreales, 2008

The state funds schools through an extensive system of education vouchers. Schools are public, or private and either subsidized by the state or fully private. Public schools were historically run by municipalities and are now being transferred to the SLEPs. Private schools may be organized as for-profit or non-profit entities, although the 2015 inclusion law prohibited for-profit operation in schools that receive state subsidies.[7] To receive public funding, private schools must reserve 15% of the seats in each class for students classified as "vulnerable" (based on family income and the mother's education), and they receive additional funding for each such student they enroll.[40]

A third type of public school, the Delegated Administration schools, are owned by the state but managed and financed by private corporations. A fourth type is administered by the Ministry of Education and financed entirely by the state; there is only one, Escuela Villa Las Estrellas in Antarctica.[40][41]

Official school enrollment in 2025 was 3,541,790 students, down 1.1% from the year before; enrollment has fallen every year since 2023 as the birth rate has declined. About 54% of students attended subsidized private schools, 22% municipal schools and 13% Local Public Education Services, and the remainder fully private or delegated-administration schools.[33][6] The table shows the distribution in 2014, before the SLEP transfer began.

School enrollment by type of school (2014)
Type of school
dependency		Pupils
(2014)[42]		%
Delegated Administration46,8801.33
Private, non-subsidized270,0857.64
Private, subsidized1,913,83854.13
Municipal (public)1,305,03236.91
Total3,535,835100.00

Higher education

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Main building of the University of Chile, the first university founded in the republican era

Higher education is provided by three types of institution, a structure created by the 1981 reform and open to all secondary school graduates. Technical training centers (Centros de Formación Técnica, CFT) are private institutions that offer two-year programs leading to technical degrees. Professional institutes (Institutos Profesionales, IP) are private institutions that award technical and professional degrees except those reserved to universities. Universities award all professional titles and academic degrees up to the doctorate. The armed forces also operate their own higher education institutions.[29]

Universities are divided into "traditional" universities, which were created before 1981 and belong to the Council of Rectors (CRUCH), and private universities founded afterward. The traditional universities receive direct and indirect state funding. By law all Chilean universities are non-profit organizations.

Admission

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Most universities select students through a centralized system run by the University of Chile's DEMRE (Department of Evaluation, Measurement and Educational Registration),[43] which since 2022 has administered the Higher Education Access Test (Prueba de Acceso a la Educación Superior, PAES), succeeding the earlier University Selection Test (PSU). The mandatory PAES tests are Reading Competency and Mathematics Competency 1 (M1). Students also take at least one elective test, in either science or history and social sciences, and an additional Mathematics Competency 2 (M2) test if their chosen degree requires it.[44] Applicants' secondary school grade average (NEM) and class rank are also factored into the final score. Applicants can list up to 20 degree programs.[45] To apply, students generally need an average of at least 458 points on the two mandatory tests or must be in the top 10% of their school class.[44]

For the 2026 admission cycle, 47 universities took part in the centralized system. About 231,000 people were eligible to apply, and the average score on the two mandatory tests was 620.[46] More than 300,000 people registered for the regular PAES to be held in December 2026 for 2027 admission.[47] Professional institutes and technical training centers require only a secondary school diploma for admission.

About 30% of first-year higher education students drop out of their programs, mainly because of economic problems and vocational and psychological factors.[48]

Enrollment

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In 2025, higher education institutions recorded 1,455,639 enrollments across undergraduate, postgraduate and postgraduate-certificate programs, an increase of 5% over 2024. Universities accounted for 59% of enrollment, professional institutes for 30.5% and technical training centers for 10.5%.[49] The table shows the distribution in 2016.

Higher education enrollment by type of institution (2016)
ClassificationStudents
(2016)[50]		%
"Traditional" public universities191,84715.4
"Traditional" private universities154,01712.3
Non-"traditional" private universities374,88430.1
Professional Institutesa384,66730.8
Technical Schooling Centersa141,72011.4
Total1,247,135100.0

a All are privately owned.

Quality assurance

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Accreditation began in 2004 with the National Undergraduate Accreditation Commission. Law 20.129 of 2006 then created a national quality assurance system for universities, professional institutes and technical training centers, run by the National Accreditation Commission (CNA), which accredits institutions and degree programs.[51] Participation was originally voluntary for institutions, which limited its impact.

Costs and financing

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School education

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Before the 2015 inclusion law, public and subsidized private schools could charge monthly "shared funding" tuition fees (financiamiento compartido or copago), which were voluntary for parents in some schools and mandatory up to a statutory cap in others. Fees were prohibited in pre-primary and primary schools.[40] The inclusion law ended these co-payments in subsidized private schools and banned selective admissions in publicly funded schools.[7] Fully private schools set their own fees.

Chilean families still pay more of the cost of education themselves than families in most OECD countries. Private expenditure accounted for 21% of school spending (against an OECD average of 9%) and 62% of university spending (against 30%) in the mid-2010s.[16]

The Ministry of Education's 2026 budget grew 2.2% over 2025, with an emphasis on consolidating the new public education system.[27]

Higher education

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All Chilean universities, institutes and technical schools charge enrollment and tuition fees.[52] Students can receive government scholarships, which are based on merit or need. Since 2016, the gratuidad policy has paid tuition and enrollment fees in full for students from the poorest 60% of households who are enrolled in an eligible program at a participating institution. Students who already hold a professional degree or a bachelor's degree are generally not eligible. Students apply through a single application form, the FUAS.[8]

Students not covered by gratuidad have relied on two main loan programs: the State-Guaranteed Credit (Crédito con Aval del Estado, CAE), which is issued by private banks with a state guarantee and open to students at any accredited institution, and the University Solidarity Credit Fund (Fondo Solidario de Crédito Universitario, FSCU), offered by the government to disadvantaged students at traditional universities. Both loans carry a fixed 2% interest rate and are repaid after graduation, with CAE payments equal to 10% of the former student's annual income and FSCU payments equal to 5%. Remaining debt is written off after 15 years for CAE loans and 12 years for FSCU loans.[52][53][54] Most scholarships and loans cover only a "reference tuition" calculated by the government for each program, and the gap between that figure and real tuition can be substantial at some institutions.[55] There are also government programs providing a monthly stipend, a food debit card and a student card for discounted transportation, based on merit, need, indigenous background or residence.[54]

In 2012, 947,063 students were enrolled in tertiary education programs, of whom 548,119 (58%) received a government scholarship or loan.[56] Critics have long objected to the unequal conditions of the loans and to high debt burdens among graduates.[57]

Proposed replacement of the CAE

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In October 2024 the government of Gabriel Boric sent Congress a bill to replace the CAE and the FSCU with a new instrument, the Higher Education Financing scheme (Financiamiento para la Educación Superior, FES). Under the bill, the state would cover tuition without bank loans, and graduates would repay no more than 8% of their income for a period proportional to their length of study, with students from the top 10% of earners paying for their tuition. The bill also provided for forgiveness and restructuring of existing CAE debts, which affected more than 1.2 million debtors.[58] The Chamber of Deputies approved the bill in August 2025 by 80 votes to 51,[59] but it stalled in the Senate Education Committee, and in February 2026 members of the incoming government of José Antonio Kast indicated that they would not continue it as designed.[60]

School year

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The school year is divided into semesters. The first runs from late February or early March to early July. After a two-week winter break, the second runs until late November or early December, followed by summer vacation. The Ministry of Education sets the dates in each region; in 2014, for example, classes in the Santiago Metropolitan Region began on 5 March and ended on 5, 12 or 19 December depending on the program's length, and students in their final year of secondary school finished earlier, on 14 November.[61]

Outcomes and international comparison

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Chile's adult literacy rate was 96.9% in 2022.

In PISA 2025, 15-year-old students in Chile scored 442 in science, 436 in reading and 403 in mathematics, below OECD averages of 482, 461 and 463. Compared with 2022, scores fell by 12 points in reading and 9 in mathematics and were stable in science. Just 41% of students reached the baseline level of proficiency in mathematics, compared with 65% across the OECD, and 62% did in reading and 63% in science. The gap in science between the most and least socioeconomically advantaged quarters of students was 76 points.[9] Chile ranked 43rd of 91 participants in science, 37th of 90 in reading and 61st of 90 in mathematics, and second to Uruguay in Latin America.[62] The Ministry of Education said the results confirmed that the school system had not made progress in a decade.[9] A national newspaper reported the decline as the continuation of a decade-long fall.[63]

Issues and debates

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Monument to the Chilean Teacher at the Hospital del Profesor, Estación Central

Segregation and inequality

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Analysts have long argued that the voucher system adopted in the 1980s deepened social stratification between schools. Subsidized private schools were able to select students and charge fees, and many attracted middle-class families, while municipal schools were left with a larger share of low-income students and students who have greater difficulty learning.[7] Chile has been ranked last among OECD countries on the Duncan index of school-level social segregation, and spent roughly half the OECD average per student in the mid-2010s.[16] The 2015 inclusion law, the SLEP reform and the fee-free tuition policy all aimed at reducing these disparities. PISA 2025 suggests that inequality of outcomes has narrowed, mainly because performance fell among middle- and upper-income students while remaining stable among lower-income students.[64]

Social mobility in higher education

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Higher education enrollment has expanded considerably, and many students from lower-income families are the first in their families to attend. According to a study by the United Nations Development Programme in Chile, however, these students tend to enroll in technical programs or lower-quality universities, drop out more often and earn less than students from wealthier families, even though they earn more than they would without a higher education.[7]

Digital technology

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The COVID-19 pandemic forced a rapid shift to remote instruction and introduced more technology into schools. A study by the University of Chile's Center for Advanced Research in Education found, however, that its use remains largely limited to online learning platforms, with little use for planning or management and little or no teacher training.[65]

Reform agenda

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In 2014, the second Bachelet administration sent Congress its first education reform bill, which proposed banning mandatory co-payments, removing selective admissions and converting for-profit schools into non-profit organizations.[66] Those changes were enacted in 2015. Open issues in 2026 include the unfinished transfer of public schools to the SLEPs, the postponed 6+6 structure, the replacement of the CAE, and learning outcomes.

See also

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References

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  1. 1 2 "Nombra Subsecretario de Educación (Decreto 76)" (PDF). Diario Oficial de la República de Chile (in Spanish). 4 June 2026. Retrieved 6 October 2026.
  2. ↑ "Proyecto de Ley de Presupuestos Año 2026 (convertida a dólares)" (PDF) (in Spanish). Dirección de Presupuestos (DIPRES). Retrieved 6 October 2026.
  3. ↑ S.A.P., El Mercurio (27 September 2023). "Emol: Zoom a la Casen: Son más los chilenos que hoy tienen un título y ha subido el "premio salarial" a quienes terminan el colegio". accioneducar.cl.
  4. 1 2 3 4 "Chile – Educación" (in Spanish). SITEAL, UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning. Retrieved 6 October 2026.
  5. 1 2 Ministerio Secretaría General de la Presidencia (17 September 2015). "Decreto 100. Fija el Texto Refundido, Coordinado y Sistematizado de la Constitución Política de la República de Chile" (in Spanish). Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
  6. 1 2 "Radiografía a la matrícula escolar 2025 en Chile: se mantiene cobertura en niveles obligatorios y se expresan los efectos de la baja natalidad" (in Spanish). Ministry of Education of Chile. 3 November 2025. Retrieved 6 October 2026.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Luis Osvaldo Igor Antías (2018). "Educación chilena del siglo XXI: "Fin a la segmentación social y apertura a la inclusión social"" (in Spanish).
  8. 1 2 "Gratuidad en la educación superior" (in Spanish). ChileAtiende / Ministry of Education. 20 March 2026. Retrieved 6 October 2026.
  9. 1 2 3 "PISA 2025: Chile cae en matemáticas y lectura pero mantiene ventaja frente a Latinoamérica". CNN Chile (in Spanish). Retrieved 6 October 2026.
  10. 1 2 3 "Instituciones, entidades y establecimientos educacionales" (in Spanish). Memoria Chilena, National Library of Chile. Retrieved 6 October 2026.
  11. ↑ "Alfabetizar a la población" (in Spanish). Memoria Chilena, National Library of Chile. Retrieved 6 October 2026.
  12. ↑ "Período en el cual se impulsó la educación" (in Spanish). Memoria Chilena, National Library of Chile. Retrieved 6 October 2026.
  13. ↑ "Creación de la Universidad de Chile" (in Spanish). Memoria Chilena, National Library of Chile. Retrieved 6 October 2026.
  14. 1 2 "Inicios de la instrucción primaria en Chile (1840-1920)" (in Spanish). Memoria Chilena, National Library of Chile. Retrieved 6 October 2026.
  15. ↑ "LEY-19876 22-MAY-2003 MINISTERIO DE EDUCACIÓN - Ley Chile - Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional".
  16. 1 2 3 Ocaranza Bosio, Francisco (11 July 2018). "Educación chilena: la fría espada de las cifras. Por Radio Bio Bio". BioBioChile (in Spanish).
  17. ↑ "Cierre de la Universidad Arcis queda programado para el 2021". Radio Universidad de Chile (in Spanish). 3 July 2017.
  18. ↑ "Quiebra de la U. del Mar: dueños que lucraron reclaman pago de $4 mil millones". CIPER Chile (in Spanish). 24 July 2014.
  19. ↑ "Las pruebas que confirman la venta de acreditaciones a universidades privadas". CIPER Chile (in Spanish). 10 December 2012.
  20. ↑ "Contraloría obliga al Mineduc a dejar sin efecto resolución que deniega la gratuidad a la Universidad Central para 2023". La Tercera (in Spanish). Retrieved 6 October 2026.
  21. 1 2 "Artículo 85 de la Ley 21.091 sobre educación superior" (in Spanish). iura.cl. Retrieved 6 October 2026.
  22. ↑ "NEP" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 6 July 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
  23. ↑ Ley Chile - Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional. "Decreto 326 del 28 de abril de 1989. Promulga el Pacto Internacional de Derechos económicos, sociales y culturales, adoptado por la Asamblea General de la Organizacion de las Naciones Unidas el 19 de diciembre de 1966, suscrito por Chile el 16 de septiembre de 1969". www.bcn.cl/leychile (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2021. Ver Artículo 13
  24. 1 2 3 "DFL-2 02-JUL-2010 MINISTERIO DE EDUCACIÓN - Ley Chile - Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional".
  25. ↑ "Comenzó a funcionar agencia que velará por la calidad de la educación escolar". La Segunda. 2 October 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
  26. ↑ "Ley 20835: Crea la Subsecretaría de Educación Parvularia, la Intendencia de Educación Parvularia y modifica diversos cuerpos legales" (in Spanish). Ministerio de Educación / Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
  27. 1 2 "Mineduc presentó balance de ejecución 2025 y proyecciones de Presupuesto 2026" (in Spanish). Ministry of Education of Chile. 6 October 2025. Retrieved 6 October 2026.
  28. ↑ "¿Qué pasará con séptimo y octavo básico?: Gobierno busca postergar reforma en la educación". Rock&Pop (in Spanish). January 2026. Retrieved 6 October 2026.
  29. 1 2 Centro de Estudios MINEDUC (March 2021). Resumen Estadístico de la Educación 2020 (PDF) (Report) (in Spanish). Santiago de Chile.
  30. ↑ "Preguntas Frecuentes". Archived from the original on 21 October 2014.
  31. ↑ "LEY-20710 11-DIC-2013 MINISTERIO DE EDUCACIÓN - Ley Chile - Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional".
  32. ↑ "Discurso 21 de mayo: Presidente Piñera anuncia reforma constitucional para establecer el kínder como obligatorio" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 19 September 2013. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
  33. 1 2 "Caída de la natalidad en Chile se percibió en cantidad de escolares matriculados este 2025". Cooperativa (in Spanish). 4 November 2025. Retrieved 6 October 2026.
  34. ↑ "R+SP WebServer:: Consulta Interactiva de datos Casen - Observatorio Social - Ministerio de Desarrollo Social - Gobierno de Chile". Archived from the original on 19 June 2017. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
  35. ↑ "UNESCO-UNEVOC World TVET Database".
  36. ↑ "LEY-19876 22-MAY-2003 MINISTERIO DE EDUCACIÓN - Ley Chile - Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional".
  37. ↑ Ministerio de Educación (22 May 2003). "Ley 19876 de 2003" (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  38. ↑ "Congreso despacha proyecto que posterga entrada en vigencia de nueva estructura para enseñanza básica y media" (in Spanish). Cámara de Diputados de Chile. 3 October 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2026.
  39. ↑ "Séptimo y octavo seguirán en básica: Gobierno propone postergar hasta el 2030 inicio de nueva estructura curricular". Publimetro (in Spanish). 19 January 2026. Retrieved 6 October 2026.
  40. 1 2 3 "Consultas - Cobros Permitidos". Ministry of Education of Chile. Archived from the original on 28 October 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
  41. ↑ Archived 24 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  42. ↑ "Data Mineduc - Ministerio de Educación" (in Spanish). Ministry of Education of Chile. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  43. ↑ "Acerca del DEMRE - Universidad de Chile". uchile.cl (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  44. 1 2 "Nómina preliminar de carreras, Proceso de Admisión 2026" (PDF) (in Spanish). DEMRE, University of Chile. Retrieved 6 October 2026.
  45. ↑ "Glosario, proceso de admisión 2027" (PDF) (in Spanish). DEMRE, University of Chile. Retrieved 6 October 2026.
  46. ↑ "Resultados PAES Regular, admisión 2026: 231 mil personas están habilitadas para postular a las universidades del Sistema de Acceso a la Educación Superior" (in Spanish). Ministry of Education of Chile. 5 January 2026. Retrieved 6 October 2026.
  47. ↑ "PAES Regular 2026 supera los 300 mil inscritos" (in Spanish). University of Chile. 30 July 2026. Retrieved 6 October 2026.
  48. ↑ Figueroa, Raúl (2 November 2016). "El 30% de los alumnos de educación superior deserta de su carrera el primer año". La Tercera. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  49. ↑ "Matrícula en Educación Superior creció un 5% respecto al 2024". Radio Agricultura (in Spanish). 14 July 2025. Retrieved 6 October 2026.
  50. ↑ Ministry of Education of Chile. "BASES DE DATOS DE MATRICULADOS". mifuturo.cl. Archived from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
  51. ↑ "Ley N° 20.129: Establece un Sistema Nacional de aseguramiento de la Calidad de la Educación Superior" (in Spanish). Ministerio de Educación / Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
  52. 1 2 "Chile: Progress and its discontents". The Economist. 14 April 2011. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
  53. ↑ "Preguntas Frecuentes – Rebaja Tasa de Interés al 2% - Rebaja Cuota CAE". Archived from the original on 20 November 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
  54. 1 2 "Ministerio de Educación" (PDF). Ministerio de educación. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
  55. ↑ "Éstas son las universidades que cobran más del doble de los aranceles fijados por el Mineduc". Emol. 4 January 2016.
  56. ↑ "Ministerio de Educación" (PDF). Ministerio de educación. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 June 2013. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
  57. ↑ "Anuncian ley para que 110 mil titulados morosos del Crédito Solidario repacten su deuda" (in Spanish). Puntoclick. 23 May 2011. Retrieved 21 June 2011.
  58. ↑ "Boric propone reemplazar actual esquema de financiamiento universitario chileno por uno estatal". La Nación (in Spanish). Reuters. 8 October 2024. Retrieved 6 October 2026.
  59. ↑ "Cámara de Diputados aprueba en general el proyecto que pone fin al CAE y crea el FES". Pauta (in Spanish). 20 August 2025. Retrieved 6 October 2026.
  60. ↑ "Futuro gobierno de Kast le quita el piso al FES y deja a la administración de Boric sin su principal legado en educación". El Dínamo (in Spanish). 17 February 2026. Retrieved 6 October 2026.
  61. ↑ "Resolución Exenta Nº 04559, Fija calendario escolar 2014 para la Región Metropolitana de Santiago" (PDF). Santiago Metropolitan Region Ministry of Education Regional Secretariat (in Spanish). 13 December 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 July 2015. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
  62. ↑ "Qué dicen los resultados de la prueba PISA sobre la educación chilena y el desafío de volver a encantar a los estudiantes con el aprendizaje". The Clinic (in Spanish). 8 September 2026. Retrieved 6 October 2026.
  63. ↑ "Chile retrocede en matemáticas y lectura tras una década de caída sostenida en el informe PISA". El País (in Spanish). 8 September 2026. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
  64. ↑ "PISA 2025: Investigadores Uchile analizan caída en Matemática y Lectura" (in Spanish). University of Chile. Retrieved 6 October 2026.
  65. ↑ Chile, CIAE-Universidad de. "La pandemia abrió la puerta a la tecnología en las escuelas, pero ésta aún se limita al uso de plataformas online para hacer clases". CIAE - Universidad de Chile (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 March 2023.
  66. ↑ "» Bachelet sends first education bill to Congress, students plan protest". Archived from the original on 1 November 2014. Retrieved 1 November 2014.

Further reading

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  • Passow, A. Harry et al. The National Case Study: An Empirical Comparative Study of Twenty-One Educational Systems. (1976) online
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