Arman language
 | An editor has determined that sufficient sources exist to establish the subject's notability. (September 2026) |
| Arman | |
|---|---|
| Armanskij | |
| ääwnä[1] | |
| Native to | Russia |
| Region | Arman river |
| Ethnicity | Evens |
| Extinct | 1970s[2] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | None (mis) |
| Glottolog | arma1243 |
| Linguasphere | 44-CAA-aad |
 Arman is classified as Extinct by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger. | |
Arman (also known as Armanskij[3]) is an extinct language or dialect of Even that was around the Arman river in Magadan Oblast, Russia.[1] Arman is known as a transitory variety of Evenki and Even.[4] Arman went extinct in the 1970s.[2]
Classification
[edit]Arman has been classified as a Ewenic language in the Tungusic language family.[5]
The classification of Arman as a language or dialect of Even is more controversial.[1] Initially, L. D. Rišes and V. I. Cincius[6][7] stated Arman as a dialect of Evenki. E. A. Kreĭnovich agreed with them, stating that Arman is a linguistic autonomous system of Even. Japanese scholars such as Jiro Ikegami have so far ignored the topic.[8]
Gerhard Doerfer was the first person to argue for Arman being a separate language from Even, which Klavdiya Novikova[7] and José Andrés Alonso de la Fuente has also echoed among other scholars.[4] Glottolog has also classified Arman as a separate language from Even under their Ewenic languages.[9] Natalia Aralova stated that the question if Arman was a language or dialect cannot be answered.[7]
Features
[edit]Arman has archaic features also found in Evenki such as the word-initial consonants of s-, l-, n- and j-.[10]
Glossary
[edit]The separation between Arman and Even can be shown with the Arman word boro-n’či(horsehair), which in Even is mura-nra.[6] Malchukov also presents different words such as ewne (Ewen) and ŋees (nose).[10]
The following is a list of Arman compared to Even dialects and other Tungusic languages from José Andrés Alonso de la Fuente.[11]
| English | Arman | Literary Ewen | East Ewenki | West Ewenki | Literary Ewenki | Proto-Tungusic | Northern Tungusic |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| sun | ɥoolteŋ | yultän ~ ñultän ~ dilacaa | ñööltin ~ ñuëltin | ñööltən | dilacaa ~ siguun | ||
| small; little, less | abla | *abul.ĭ | *abŏl | ||||
| net | adla | adӛl | adal | adol | *adŏl/*adul.ĭ | ||
| little; less | abaltï/ablajï | abӛlӛc | abalac/*abŏl | abolot | |||
| tumor | aval | **avla | **avla | **avla | |||
| evening | sisäätnä | hiisäcin | hiisäcin | hiisäcin | |||
| sea | nam | lam | lam | lam | |||
| Arman | ääwnä | äwən | äwən | äwən | |||
| swan | üüsï | xüüsï | xüüsï | xüüsï | |||
| shaman | samaan | hamaan | hamaan | hamaan | |||
| fish | ol’cï | olrӛ | olrӛ | olrӛ | |||
| all | kupsä | kubəc | kubəc | kubəc | |||
| to kill | waa- | maa- | maa- | maa- | *waa- |
References
[edit]- 1 2 3 Alonso de la Fuente 2014, p. 413.
- 1 2 Christopher Moseley; Alexandre Nicolas (2010). "Atlas of the world's languages in danger". UNESCO. p. 52. Retrieved 2026-05-10.
Languages that have become extinct ... Arman (an archaic variety of Even, in the 1970s
- ↑ Juha Janhunen; Tapani Salminen (2000). "UNESCO RED BOOK ON ENDANGERED LANGUAGES: NORTHEAST ASIA". Archived from the original on 2016-03-16. Retrieved 2026-08-22.
- 1 2 Alonso de la Fuente 2014, p. 414.
- ↑ Hölzl, Andreas (2018). The Tungusic languages family through the ages:Interdisciplinary perspectives. Tallinn: University of Zurich. p. 6. Retrieved 2 September 2026.
- 1 2 Cincius, V. I. (December 1965). "Manchu-Tunguz Data on the Word "Horse"". Central Asiatic Journal. 10 (3/4): 152–153. JSTOR 41926729. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
- 1 2 3 Natalia Aralova (2015). Vowel harmony in two Even dialects: Production and perception (PDF). University of Amsterdam. pp. 5–6. Retrieved 11 September 2026.
- ↑ Alonso de la Fuente 2014, p. 413-414.
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). "Arman". Glottolog . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- 1 2 Malchukov, Andrej (31 August 2023). Vovin, Alexander; Alonso de la Fuente, José Andrés; Janhunen, Juha (eds.). "Ewen". The Tungusic Languages. Routledge: 261, 288. doi:10.4324/9781315728391-9. ISBN 9781317542797.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link) - ↑ Alonso de la Fuente 2014, p. 414-415.
Bibliography
[edit]- Alonso de la Fuente, José Andrés (2014). "Review of Armanisches Wörterbuch, by Gerhard Doerfer & Michael Knüppel". Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes. 104. Academia.edu: 412–417. JSTOR 24361819. Retrieved 2026-09-02.