Alosidae
| Alosidae Temporal range: | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Twaite shad, Alosa fallax | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Division: | Teleostei |
| Order: | Clupeiformes |
| Suborder: | Clupeoidei |
| Family: | Alosidae Svetovidov, 1952[1] |
| Genera | |
|
see text | |
The Alosidae, or the shads,[2][3][4] are a family of clupeiform fishes. The family currently comprises five genera worldwide, and about 33 species.[5]
The shads are pelagic (open water) schooling fish, of which many are anadromous or even landlocked. Several species are of commercial importance, e.g. in the genus Alosa (river herrings), Brevoortia (menhadens), and Sardina. The Alosidae were previously included in the herring family Clupeidae.
Genera
[edit]Alosidae contains the following 5 genera:[5][6]
- Alosa H. F. Linck, 1790 (Shads)
- Brevoortia Gill, 1861 (Menhadens)
- Ethmidium Thompson, 1916 (Pacific menhaden)
- Sardina Antipa, 1904 (European pilchard)
- Sardinops C. L. Hubbs, 1929 (Blue pilchard)
The following fossil Alosidae are also known:[7]
- †Eoalosa Marramà & Carnevale, 2017 (early Eocene of Italy)[7]
- †Moldavichthys Baykina & Schwarzhans, 2017 (mid-late Miocene of Moldova)[8]
- †Sanalosa Bienkowska-Wasiluk, Granica & Kovalchuk, 2024 (Oligocene of Poland)[9]
The oldest member of the group was originally thought to be Pugliaclupea from the Campanian of Italy, but its placement in the Alosidae appears to be on weak grounds, and it has more recently found to be an ellimmichthyiform, most likely in the Armigatidae.[7] True fossil members of the family are only known from the Eocene onwards.[7] There appears to have been a significant center of endemism for the alosids and other clupeoids in the Paratethys.[8] The freshwater †Chasmoclupea from the Oligocene of Egypt was originally though to be related to the Alosidae, but has since been found to be a dorosomatid.[7][10]
Ultrasound hearing
[edit]While the hearing of most fishes is limited in frequency to less than 1 kHz,[11] some shads and menhadens demonstrate an unusual ability to detect very high frequency sound (ultrasound) above 50 kHz [12]
See also
[edit]- The Shad Foundation
- Shad Planking, a Virginia political gathering featuring the consumption of American shad
References
[edit]- ↑ Richard van der Laan; William N. Eschmeyer & Ronald Fricke (2014). "Family-group names of recent fishes". Zootaxa. 3882 (2): 1–230. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1. PMID 25543675.
- ↑ Biodiversity, Status, and Conservation of the World’s Shads American Fisheries Society Symposium Volume (2003)
- ↑ Whitehead, Peter J.P. (1985). "Subfamily Alosinae". FAO species catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, anchovies and wolfherrings. Part 1 – Chirocentridae, Clupeidae and Pristigasteridae. FAO Fisheries Synopsis. Vol. 125/7/1. Rome: FAO. pp. 190–209. ISBN 978-92-5-102340-2.
- ↑ "The Shad Foundation homepage". Archived from the original on 2008-12-15. Retrieved 2015-02-03.
- 1 2 Fricke, Ron; Eschmeyer, William N. & van der Laan, Richard, eds. (2026). "Genera in the family Alosidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences.
- ↑ Marramà, Giuseppe; Carnevale, Giorgio (2026-07-09). "A phylogeny and revised classification of clupeomorph fishes (Teleostei, Otomorpha)". Zoosystema. 48 (17). doi:10.5252/zoosystema2026v48a17. ISSN 1280-9551.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Marramà, Giuseppe; Carnevale, Giorgio (2018-03-01). "Eoalosa janvieri gen. et sp. nov., a new clupeid fish (Teleostei, Clupeiformes) from the Eocene of Monte Bolca, Italy". PalZ. 92 (1): 107–120. Bibcode:2018PalZ...92..107M. doi:10.1007/s12542-017-0378-0. ISSN 1867-6812. PMC 5830460. PMID 29515269.
- 1 2 Baykina, E. M.; Schwarzhans, W. W. (2017-03-01). "Review of "Clupea humilis" from the Sarmatian of Moldova and description of Moldavichthys switshenskae gen. et sp. nov". Swiss Journal of Palaeontology. 136 (1): 141–149. Bibcode:2017SwJP..136..141B. doi:10.1007/s13358-016-0121-6. ISSN 1664-2384.
- ↑ Bienkowska-Wasiluk, Malgorzata; Kovalchuk, Oleksandr; Granica, Mateusz (2024). "A new extinct shad from Poland in the light of clupeiform diversity and distribution within the Paratethys during the Oligocene". Acta Geologica Polonica. 74 (3): E23. doi:10.24425/agp.2024.151753. ISSN 0001-5709.
- ↑ Murray, Alison M.; Simons, Elwyn L.; Attia, Yousry S. (2005-06-27). "A new clupeid fish (Clupeomorpha) from the oligocene of Fayum, Egypt, with notes on some other fossil clupeomorphs". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 25 (2): 300–308. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0300:ANCFCF]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0272-4634.
- ↑ Ladich, F., & Fay, R. R. (2013). Auditory evoked potential audiometry in fish. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 23(3), 317-364.
- ↑ Popper, A. N., Plachta, D. T., Mann, D. A., & Higgs, D. (2004). Response of clupeid fish to ultrasound: a review. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 61(7), 1057-1061.