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2018 National High School Examination cheating scandal

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2018 National High School Examination cheating scandal
Location
InquiriesMinistry of Education and Training
Ministry of Public Security of Vietnam
Accused5 (Hà Giang)
12 (Sơn La)
15 (Hòa Bình)

The 2018 National High School Examination cheating scandal (Vietnamese: Vụ gian lận kỳ thi Trung học phổ thông Quốc gia 2018) was a case of misconduct in the administration and grading of the 2018 National High School Examination in Vietnam.

The incident involved numerous altered exam scores across the provinces of Hà Giang, Sơn La, and Hòa Bình, in which exam scores of 222 students were found to have been manipulated. After the incident was brought to light, several education officials were arrested. Some members of the Communist Party of Vietnam were expelled and received penalties ranging from Party discipline to 21 years' imprisonment.

This scandal is considered one of the most serious cases of academic cheating in the history of Vietnam.[1][2][3]

Background

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The National High School Examination was a standardized examination administered in Vietnam from 2015 to 2019. It was introduced in 2014 by combining the High School Graduation Examination and the university entrance examination into a single test. The examination results were used both to determine eligibility for high school graduation and admission to universities and colleges.[4]

Candidates were required to take four examinations of four subjects. Three compulsory subjects included Mathematics, Literature, and Foreign Language. Candidates also had to choose one of Physics, Chemistry, Biology, History, or Geography.[4]

Prior to the 2018 examination, Hà Giang and Sơn La recorded relatively low examination performance compared with the national average. In the 2017 National High School Examination, the graduation rate in Hà Giang Province was 89.64%, with more than 5,200 candidates, making it one of the lowest rates in the country.[5][6] Sơn La Province recorded an average score of 3.3051 out of 10, the lowest provincial average in the nation, while 51 candidates failed the Mathematics examination.[7] In Hòa Bình Province, the graduation rate was higher than the two provinces, with 96.94%.[8]

2018 National High School Examination

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The 2018 National High School Examination was the fourth annual examination since its establishment. It was held from 25 to 27 June, with 925,792 candidates in the country officially registered, and approximately 45,000 officials and lecturers participated in administering the exam process.[9][10][11]

On 27 June, after students had completed the exam, the tests drew public attention because of their difficulty. Several students claimed that the questions were more difficult than in previous years, some even cried after leaving the examination venues.[12][13][14] Some teachers said that they also found the exam difficult to complete within the given time, and a perfect score of 10 would no longer be common.[15] The Math subject was criticized by academics who argued that it was too long to finish in the given 90 minutes, harder than the previous mock tests.[16][17][18] One of the professors told the Dân Trí newspaper  [vi] that "the practical questions are simply made-up, lacking realism and scientific verification".[19] Professor Nguyễn Tiến Dũng [vi] of the University of Toulouse, a gold medalist at the International Mathematical Olympiad, said that it took him 60 minutes to solve 4 questions and the last question is "impossible" to solve within another 60 minutes.[20] In response, Sái Công Hồng, in charge of the Exam Question Council, stated that "the organizing committee has followed the announcement correctly" and "candidates were informed early on, while still in 11th grade, so they weren't caught off guard".[21]

Suspicions

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On 11 July 2018, the exam result was announced by the Ministry of Education and Training (MOET).[22] Mountainous provinces, including Hà Giang[5] and Sơn La, recorded unusually high numbers of high-scoring students in certain subjects. This had raised questions from the public.[23] In Mathematics, the percentage of Hà Giang students scoring higher than 9 points out of 10 was 1.049%, in Sơn La and Hòa Bình was 0.3%, higher than many provinces with strong academic performance like Hà Nội (0.1%), Nam Định (0.06%), Hồ Chí Minh City (0.04%).[24][25] A student in Hòa Bình allegedly exposed their province for irregularities through private messages to a teacher.[25] Bạc Liêu, Tuyên Quang, and 35 students from Lạng Sơn were also under suspicion.[25][26][27]

When a reporter from Tuổi Trẻ tried to interview students from Hà Giang and Sơn La, who ranked in top 11 candidates with the highest score in the country, they described those candidates as "inexplicably reserved" compared to others in other provinces. According to the reporter, one candidate ended the phone call shortly after learning that the caller was a journalist. Following the publication of the results, several students became targets of online criticism and mocking comments.[28]

Investigations

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Hà Giang

[edit]
Headquarters of the Ministry of Education and Training in Hanoi.

The MOET ordered an investigation into examination results in Hà Giang on 12 July 2018. Deputy MOET Nguyễn Hữu Độ [vi] signed the Official Document No. 2868/BGDDT-QLCL requesting that Hà Giang Province conduct an inspection and submit a report before 17 July, citing media reports regarding unusual exam results.[29][30][31] One day later, a task force from the MOET and the Ministry of Public Security (MPS) arrived in Hà Giang.[32] On July 15, the MOET Phùng Xuân Nhạ [vi] established a council to review test papers at the Hà Giang Department of Education and Training Examination Board.[33]

At a press conference on 17 July, Mai Văn Trinh, Director of the Quality Management Department of MOET, announced that there was evidence that examination scores had been manipulated after all multiple-choice answer sheets had been re-examined.[34] After the original scores were restored, more than 330 examination papers belonging to 114 candidates differed by more than one point from the previously announced results.[35] The initial investigation showed that Vũ Trọng Lương [vi], the Deputy Head of the Examination and Quality Management Department in Hà Giang, was identified as being directly involved in changing exam results.[36][37] The task force also found many messages on Lương's phone that included students' registration numbers. Lương admitted that he had opened sealed bags containing examination papers, removed the answer sheets, and changed incorrect answers to correct ones over a period of more than two hours. Investigators estimated that altering each answer sheet took approximately six seconds.[38][39] Lương was then placed in three months' pre-trial detention on charges of "Abusing position and power while performing official duties".[40]

On 23 August 2019, authorities charged Vũ Trọng Lương; Nguyễn Thanh Hoài, Head of the Examination and Quality Management Division of the Hà Giang DOET; Phạm Văn Khuôn and Triệu Thị Chính, former Deputy Director of the Hà Giang DOET; and a police officer in connection with the scandal. Previously, the latter four individuals had requested that Lương inflate the scores of several candidates. Hoài and Lương both stated that they only helped raise scores due to personal relationships.[41] On 1 October 2019, Hà Giang authorities announced a list of 151 officials and members of the Communist Party of Vietnam who had been found to be involved in the scandal.[42][43]

Sơn La

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On 19 July 2018, the MOET, in coordination with the MPS, established a working group to verify examination results in Sơn La Province.[44] Two days later, Trinh announced that they had discovered signs of violations in the grading process and manipulation in the examination scores.[45] On 31 July, six officials were charged for "Abusing position and power while performing official duties".[46] On 23 March 2019, after an investigation, the MOET announced that there were 44 candidates who had received inflated scores on 95 multiple-choice examination papers and two Literature examination papers.[47]

Previously, on 28 June 2018, a member of the provincial examination steering committee Trần Xuân Yến received a request from Director of the DOET of Sơn La Hoàng Tiến Đức to raise 8 candidates' scores.[48] Later, the Head of the Secondary Education Department of the DOET of Sơn La Nguyễn Ngọc Hà requested that the scores of four additional candidates be increased, two of whom had already appeared on the previous list. Yến compiled a list containing the information of 13 students whose scores he had to raise and handed it to Nguyễn Thị Hồng Nga, a member of the team processing multiple-choice test papers.[49] From 29 June to 3 July, Nga and three other persons altered scores of the candidates by erasing incorrect answers and replacing them with the correct ones.[50] All four of them admitted to receiving a total of ₫3,280,000,000 (US$108,118.23) from additional parents to raise their candidates' scores;[51] however, many of the parents denied giving the money.[52]

Hòa Bình

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Location of Hòa Bình province.

On 21 July 2018, the MOET established three review teams at the examination boards in Hòa Bình. The teams reassessed all exam papers that had scores of 8 points or above but found no evidence of irregularities. MOET subsequently requested the MPS to carry out an investigation.[53] On 2 August, Deputy Director of the DOET of Hòa Bình Nguyễn Đức Lương confirmed that there were irregularities in the exam scores, including inconsistencies in the timing of the multiple-choice test grading and the computers used for grading.[54][55] The next day, the Security Investigation Agency of the MPS announced that it had charged two officials: Specialist in the Examination Department of the Hòa Bình DOET Nguyễn Khắc Tuấn, deputy principal of Lạc Thủy Secondary and High School Đỗ Mạnh Tuấn. Both are accused of "Abusing their position and power while doing their official jobs" and temporarily detained for four months.[56] Mai Văn Trinh later confirmed that there were 64 candidates who cheated, one candidate's scores had also been altered in the 2017 National High School Examination.[a][59][60] During the exam grading process, from 30 June to 3 July, member of the exam steering committee Nguyễn Quang Vinh provided Mạnh Tuấn and Khắc Tuấn the key to unlock the room containing examination papers, erased the incorrect answers and used a pencil to fill in the correct one.[61] After the exam results were announced, Mạnh Tuấn received a total of ₫1,050,000,000 (US$39,973.35) from some parents as a "thank you gift".[62]

On 20 September 2019, a total of 15 people related were prosecuted.[62]

Lạng Sơn

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Campus of Chu Văn An High School, Lạng Sơn.

On 18 July 2018, Vice Chairman of the People's Committee of Lạng Sơn Hồ Tiến Thiệu [vi] said that he had received information about 35 exam papers in the province with unusual scores and had also started an investigation into alleged irregularities involving 35 candidates,[63] focused on the Chu Văn An High School examination board.[64] All of the mentioned candidates were police officers serving in the 2nd Battalion of the Mobile Police Command who had registered as independent candidates,[64] taking the exam at Chu Văn An High School for the Gifted [vi] in Lạng Sơn City.[27] The next day, a task force from the MOET, under the direction of Minister Phùng Xuân Nhạ, arrived to verify signs of irregularities.[27]

On 21 July, a press conference was conducted by the working group of the MOET and the DOET of Lạng Sơn to announce the early findings after three days of investigation. The findings indicated that no instances of cheating were found; however, the scores of 8 exam papers were lowered following a re-assessment of 51 Literature essays.[65][66]

Punishment

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Hà Giang

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Among 151 officials who were involved in the scandal, 2 cases had already received warnings, 137 cases were disciplined by the Hà Giang Provincial Party Committee, while 12 were beyond the provincial Party committee's jurisdiction. Of the 46 found to have violations, 42 received reprimands, 1 a warning, and 3 were expelled from the Communist Party. Additionally, 29 individuals were required to conduct self-criticism.[67] As of 2 October 2019, disciplinary proceedings against 57 officials and Party members remained ongoing, while four cases had been temporarily suspended. One case was closed after investigators found no violations.[67]

At the first-instance trial on 25 October 2019, the People's Court of Hà Giang Province sentenced Nguyễn Thanh Hoài to eight years' imprisonment, Vũ Trọng Lương to seven years, Triệu Thị Chính and Lê Thị Dung to two years each, while Phạm Văn Khuông received a one-year suspended prison sentence. The trial panel concluded that Hoài had masterminded the scheme, while Lương had directly altered the examination papers.[68] At the appeal hearing on 26 February 2020, the High People's Court in Hanoi [vi] reduced Triệu Thị Chính's sentence from 24 months to 15 months' imprisonment. The sentences of the remaining defendants were upheld.[69]

Sơn La

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Out of 100 party members under investigation, the Sơn La Provincial Inspection Committee disciplined 83 officials and party members in the scandal; additionally, 9 Party members received severe reprimands; 6 Party members were under investigation as of 5 November 2019; and 2 Party members have not yet been reviewed.[70] As a result, the MPS has expelled 25 candidates who cheated in the examination and sent them back to their local preliminary selection units. Of those returned, 7 were accepted into the People's Security Academy [vi], 16 into the Vietnam People's Police Academy [vi], and 2 into the Fire Prevention and Fighting University.[71]

On 8 May 2020, authorities charged 12 defendants with bribery and abuse of power. Under Vietnamese law, the charges against Lò Văn Huynh and Nguyễn Thị Hồng Nga carried a maximum penalty of death. Both were accused of "Abusing position and authority while performing official duties" and "Receiving bribes".[72][73] On 29 May 2020, after considering the aggravating and mitigating circumstances, the People's Court of Sơn La Province sentenced the 12 defendants to prison terms ranging from 24 months to 21 years. Huynh and Nga received prison sentences of 21 years and 19 years and 6 months respectively.[74] At the appeal hearing on 20 November 2020, the High People's Court in Hanoi rejected the appeals of four defendants.[75]

Hòa Bình

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On 21 May 2020, the People's Court of Hòa Bình Province issued its judgment against 15 defendants involved in the 2018 exam cheating scandal in Hòa Bình. Đỗ Mạnh Tuấn received the longest sentence of 10 years in prison, the only person who was convicted of both "Abusing position and authority while performing official duties" and "Receiving bribes".[76] At the appeal hearing on 22 October, the High People's Court in Hanoi rejected Nguyễn Quang Vinh's appeal, reduced Khương Ngọc Chất's sentence from six years to five years and Đỗ Mạnh Tuấn's sentence from 10 years to 9 years.[77] Accordingly, 45 admitted students were expelled from their universities.[78]

The Ministry of Education and Training

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On 21 August 2019, the Ministry of Education and Training issued a document considering disciplinary action against 13 ministry officials, including Mai Văn Trinh and Sái Công Hồng. The document was revoked on 9 September as procedural deficiencies were identified, and the ministry instead handled the matter under the Communist Party of Vietnam's disciplinary procedures. On 23 April 2020, the ministry concluded that, although the officials had shown shortcomings in the leadership and administration of the 2018 National High School Examination, their conduct did not warrant formal disciplinary action. They were instead required to conduct self-criticism.[79]

Public and media reaction

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"On behalf of the Ministry of Education and Training, we and I personally, as the minister and head of the sector, accept responsibility for the shortcomings in the exam,"
"Personally, I am also deeply concerned and clearly see my responsibility,"

— Minister of Education and Training Phùng Xuân Nhạ.[80]

The 2018 exam cheating scandal was described by domestic press as the most serious education scandal in the country's examination history.[81] BBC News Vietnamese commented that Phùng Xuân Nhạ, Minister of Education and Training, "cannot escape responsibility" for the violations.[82] The Ministry of Education and Training also faced criticism by some members and representatives of the National Assembly of Vietnam.[83] Writer Tuấn Anh from Pháp Luật Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh Newspaper  [vi] pointed out that the vast majority of candidates who received these "manipulated scores" did not come from "ordinary families", he also criticized the civil servants who got their hands involved.[84]

Some people believe that the identities of the parents of the candidates involved should be made public to help combat corruption. According to a poll by the 24h News  [vi] program on Vietnam Television with almost two thousands participants, 89% of voters supported the public disclosure of parents' identities.[85] In another poll by VnExpress on 14 April 2019, which asked "In your opinion, should the identities of parents and students who bought exam scores be made public?", 3.874 voters (67%) chose "Yes", 401 (7%) said "No" and 1.492 (26%) chose "Only parents' indentity should be made public".[86] Later, on 18 April, Người đưa tin Newspaper published the names of 15 candidates from Hòa Bình who cheated,[87] Tiền Phong Newspaper revealed the parents of 44 students involved in Sơn La.[88]

Notes

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  1. ↑ Some sources said that there were 65 candidates, include one candidate's scores had also been altered in the 2017 Examination.[57][58]

References

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  1. ↑ "Triệt tận gốc gian lận thi cử" [Eradicate exam malpractice at its root.]. Báo Người Lao Động Online (in Vietnamese). 2019-05-27. Retrieved 2026-07-04.
  2. ↑ "Rúng động vụ gian lận thi cử và câu chuyện tham nhũng giáo dục" [Shocking exam cheating scandal and educational corruption story.]. Báo Công An Nghệ An (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2026-07-04.
  3. ↑ "Những kỷ lục chưa từng có ở các vụ bê bối thi THPT quốc gia 2018" [Unprecedented records in the 2018 National High School Graduation Exam scandals]. VietNamNet News (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2026-07-04.
  4. 1 2 "Chính thức gộp thi tốt nghiệp THPT và tuyển sinh ĐH, CĐ" [The high school graduation exam and the university/college entrance exam have been officially merged.]. thuvienphapluat.vn. 9 September 2014. Retrieved 2026-07-06.
  5. 1 2 "Vì sao kết quả thi THPT quốc gia của Hà Giang bị nghi ngờ?" [Why are the results of the national high school graduation exam in Ha Giang being questioned?]. VnExpress (in Vietnamese). Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 4 July 2026.
  6. ↑ "Điểm thi THPT quốc gia ở Hà Giang bất thường, Bộ GD-ĐT vào cuộc" [National high school exam scores in Ha Giang are unusual; the Ministry of Education and Training is investigating.]. TUOI TRE ONLINE (in Vietnamese). 2018-07-12. Retrieved 2026-07-04.
  7. ↑ Online, Báo Giáo dục và Thời đại (2017-07-12). "Các địa phương bắt đầu công bố tỷ lệ đỗ tốt nghiệp THPT 2017" [Local authorities have begun announcing the 2017 high school graduation pass rates.]. Báo Giáo dục và Thời đại Online (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2026-07-04.
  8. ↑ ONLINE, TUOI TRE (2017-07-13). "Tỷ lệ tốt nghiệp THPT 2017 nhiều tỉnh thành đạt 99%" [Many provinces and cities achieved a 99% high school graduation rate in 2017.]. TUOI TRE ONLINE (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2026-07-04.
  9. ↑ NLD.COM.VN (2018-03-16). "Kỳ thi THPT quốc gia 2018 diễn ra từ 25 đến 27-6" [The 2018 National High School Graduation Examination took place from June 25th to 27th.]. Báo Người Lao Động Online (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2026-07-04.
  10. ↑ NLD.COM.VN (2018-06-16). "45.000 giảng viên tham gia kỳ thi THPT quốc gia 2018" [45,000 lecturers participated in the 2018 National High School Graduation Examination.]. Báo Người Lao Động Online (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2026-07-04.
  11. ↑ congly.vn (2018-06-17). "925.792 thí sinh tham dự Kỳ thi THPT quốc gia năm 2018" [925,792 candidates participated in the 2018 National High School Graduation Examination.]. congly.vn (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2026-07-04.
  12. ↑ thanhnien.vn (2018-06-27). "Thi THPT quốc gia 2018: Bật khóc vì đề thi quá khó" [2018 National High School Graduation Exam: Burst into tears because the exam was too difficult.]. Báo Thanh Niên (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2026-07-04.
  13. ↑ "Thí sinh bật khóc vì đề thi Toán THPT Quốc gia 2018 quá khó" [Students burst into tears because the 2018 National High School Mathematics Exam was too difficult.]. Báo điện tử VTC News (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2026-07-04.
  14. ↑ luật, Đời sống và Pháp (2018-06-25). "Kỳ thi THPT quốc gia 2018: Nhiều thí sinh khóc vì đề Toán quá dài" [2018 National High School Graduation Exam: Many candidates cried because the Math exam was too long.]. Đời sống pháp luật. Retrieved 2026-07-04.
  15. ↑ "Đề thi THPT quốc gia 2018 phân hóa cao: Sẽ không còn "mưa" điểm 10" [The 2018 National High School Graduation Exam showed high differentiation: There will no longer be a "flood" of perfect scores.]. laodong.vn. Retrieved 2026-07-04.
  16. ↑ "Kỳ thi THPT Quốc gia 2018: Đề thi khó và dài gây tranh luận" [2018 National High School Graduation Examination: Difficult and lengthy exam questions spark debate.]. VOV.VN (in Vietnamese). 2018-06-28. Archived from the original on 2024-01-21. Retrieved 2026-07-04.
  17. ↑ VnExpress. "Giáo viên mất 20 phút mới giải được câu khó đề Toán THPT quốc gia" [It took the teacher 20 minutes to solve the difficult question on the national high school math exam.]. vnexpress.net (in Vietnamese). Archived from the original on 2025-12-16. Retrieved 2026-07-04.
  18. ↑ "Hậu Kỳ thi THPT Quốc gia 2018: Vì sao đề thi khiến Giáo sư "bó tay", giáo viên "bật khóc"?" [Post-National High School Graduation Exam 2018: Why did the exam questions leave professors stumped and teachers in tears?]. Tin tức 24h (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2026-07-04.
  19. ↑ "Đề Toán THPT quốc gia 2018: Chuyên gia chỉ ra yếu tố lạ, gây khó cho học sinh" [2018 National High School Math Exam: Experts point out unusual elements that make it difficult for students.]. Báo điện tử Dân trí (in Vietnamese). 2018-06-25. Retrieved 2026-07-04.
  20. ↑ "GS từng giành huy chương vàng quốc tế mất 2 tiếng giải 5 câu đề Toán" [Professor, a former international gold medalist, took two hours to solve five math problems.]. Znews.vn (in Vietnamese). 2018-06-29. Retrieved 2026-07-04.
  21. ↑ "Đề thi khó tới mức "giáo sư cũng không thể giải hết": Bộ GDĐT nói gì?" [The exam was so difficult that "even professors couldn't solve it all": What does the Ministry of Education and Training say about this?]. laodong.vn. Retrieved 2026-07-04.
  22. ↑ ONLINE, TUOI TRE (2018-07-11). "Bộ GD-ĐT công bố phổ điểm thi THPT quốc gia 2018" [The Ministry of Education and Training has announced the score distribution for the 2018 National High School Graduation Examination.]. TUOI TRE ONLINE (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2026-07-04.
  23. ↑ "Nhiều bất thường sau công bố điểm thi THPT Quốc gia 2018: Chuyên gia giáo dục nói gì?" [Numerous irregularities following the announcement of the 2018 National High School Graduation Exam results: What do education experts say?]. Báo điện tử VTC News (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2026-07-05.
  24. ↑ VnExpress. "Nửa tháng bê bối điểm thi THPT quốc gia 2018" [Half a month of scandal surrounding the 2018 national high school graduation exam scores.]. vnexpress.net (in Vietnamese). Archived from the original on 2025-08-03. Retrieved 2026-07-05.
  25. 1 2 3 Quyết, Đình (2018-07-20). "Vụ điểm thi cao bất thường trong kỳ thi THPT Quốc gia 2018: Thêm Hòa Bình, Tuyên Quang bị nghi vấn?" [Unusually high exam scores in the 2018 National High School Graduation Exam: Are Hoa Binh and Tuyen Quang also under suspicion?]. Pháp Luật Plus (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2026-07-05.
  26. ↑ "Bạc Liêu lại nghi vấn điểm thi THPT Quốc gia 2018 cao bất thường" [Bac Lieu is once again under suspicion of unusually high scores in the 2018 National High School Graduation Exam.]. VOV.VN (in Vietnamese). 2018-07-19. Archived from the original on 2024-06-17. Retrieved 2026-07-05.
  27. 1 2 3 VnExpress. "35 thí sinh điểm cao bất thường ở Lạng Sơn là cảnh sát cơ động" [35 candidates with unusually high scores in Lang Son are riot police officers.]. vnexpress.net (in Vietnamese). Archived from the original on 2022-05-19. Retrieved 2026-07-05.
  28. ↑ ONLINE, TUOI TRE (2019-06-24). "Gian lận thi năm 2018 - Kỳ 1: Từ hoài nghi về 11 thí sinh tốp đầu". TUOI TRE ONLINE (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2026-07-05.
  29. ↑ "Bộ GD&ĐT yêu cầu xác minh vụ điểm thi THPT quốc gia "cao bất thường" ở Hà Giang" [The Ministry of Education and Training requests verification of the "unusually high" national high school exam scores in Ha Giang.]. Dân trí Newspaper [vi] (in Vietnamese). 2018-07-12. Retrieved 2026-07-05.
  30. ↑ VCCorp.vn (2018-07-12). "Điểm thi THPT Quốc gia tại Hà Giang cao bất thường, Bộ GD&ĐT yêu cầu rà soát lại" [Unusually high scores in the National High School Graduation Exam in Ha Giang province have prompted a review by the Ministry of Education and Training.]. Kênh 14 (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2026-07-05.
  31. ↑ Hà, Mỹ (2018-07-13). "Điểm thi THPT quốc gia "cao bất thường" ở Hà Giang: Bộ Giáo dục yêu cầu kiểm tra" ["Unusually high" national high school exam scores in Ha Giang: Ministry of Education orders investigation.]. Pháp Luật Plus (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2026-07-05.
  32. ↑ "Vụ nâng khống điểm thi ở Hà Giang: Phó phòng khảo thí lợi dụng quy trình lỏng lẻo?" [Exam score manipulation scandal in Ha Giang: Did the deputy head of the examination department exploit lax procedures?]. phunuonline.com.vn (in Vietnamese). 2018-07-18. Retrieved 2026-07-05.
  33. ↑ "Vụ nâng điểm thi THPT quốc gia ở Hà Giang: Ông Vũ Trọng Lương bị tạm giam 3 tháng" [Ha Giang National High School Exam Score Manipulation Scandal: Mr. Vu Trong Luong Detained for 3 Months]. Truyenhinhthanhhoa (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2026-07-05.
  34. ↑ "Hàng trăm bài thi tại Hà Giang đã bị nâng 'khống' từ 1 đến 8,75 điểm" [Hundreds of exam papers in Ha Giang were artificially inflated by 1 to 8.75 points.]. Báo Thanh Niên (in Vietnamese). 2018-07-17. Retrieved 2026-07-05.
  35. ↑ thanhnien.vn (2018-07-18). "Gian lận chấm thi THPT ở Hà Giang: Bài học cay đắng" [Exam cheating scandal in Ha Giang: A bitter lesson.]. Báo Thanh Niên (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2026-07-05.
  36. ↑ trường, Báo Nông nghiệp và Môi (2018-07-17). "114 thí sinh với hơn 330 bài thi có điểm công bố chênh lệch từ 1,0 - 8,75 điểm" [114 candidates with over 330 exam papers had scores that differed by 1.0 to 8.75 points.]. nongnghiepmoitruong.vn (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2026-07-05.
  37. ↑ VnExpress. "Phó phòng khảo thí Vũ Trọng Lương bị bắt vì nâng điểm thi ở Hà Giang" [Deputy head of the examination department Vu Trong Luong was arrested for inflating exam scores in Ha Giang.]. vnexpress.net (in Vietnamese). Archived from the original on 2023-07-13. Retrieved 2026-07-05.
  38. ↑ VnExpress. "Khởi tố vụ gian lận điểm thi ở Hà Giang" [Prosecution initiated in exam cheating case in Ha Giang.]. vnexpress.net (in Vietnamese). Archived from the original on 2022-05-24. Retrieved 2026-07-05.
  39. ↑ Infonet. "Gian lận trong kỳ thi THPT quốc gia ở Hà Giang: xử lý sai phạm thế nào?" [Cheating in the national high school exam in Ha Giang: How will the violations be handled?]. kiemsat.vn (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2026-07-05.
  40. ↑ "Khởi tố, bắt tạm giam ông Vũ Trọng Lương vì nâng điểm thi ở Hà Giang" [Vu Trong Luong has been charged and taken into custody for allegedly manipulating exam scores in Ha Giang.]. VOV.VN (in Vietnamese). 2018-07-20. Archived from the original on 2025-07-14. Retrieved 2026-07-05.
  41. ↑ thanhnien.vn (2019-08-23). "Truy tố 5 bị can vụ gian lận thi cử tại Hà Giang" [Five defendants prosecuted in exam cheating case in Ha Giang.]. Báo Thanh Niên (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2026-07-05.
  42. ↑ Phong, Báo điện tử Tiền (2019-10-02). "Gian lận thi cử 2018: Hà Giang công bố 151 cán bộ, đảng viên liên quan" [2018 Exam Cheating Scandal: Ha Giang Announces 151 Officials and Party Members Involved]. Báo điện tử Tiền Phong (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2026-07-05.
  43. ↑ "Gian lận thi cử ở Hà Giang: Công bố danh sách 151 cán bộ, đảng viên liên quan" [Exam cheating scandal in Ha Giang: List of 151 officials and Party members involved announced.]. Báo điện tử VTC News (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2026-07-05.
  44. ↑ "Khởi tố vụ án gian lận điểm thi ở Sơn La" [Criminal proceedings initiated in the exam cheating case in Son La.]. VOV.VN (in Vietnamese). 2018-07-26. Archived from the original on 2024-06-18. Retrieved 2026-07-05.
  45. ↑ "Phát hiện sửa điểm ở Sơn La: Công an điều tra sai phạm, Bộ GD-ĐT chấm thẩm định một số bài Văn" [Exam grade manipulation discovered in Son La: Police investigate irregularities, Ministry of Education and Training re-evaluates some Literature papers.]. BÁO SÀI GÒN GIẢI PHÓNG (in Vietnamese). 2018-07-21. Retrieved 2026-07-05.
  46. ↑ VnExpress. "Cựu công an bị điều tra vì mở cửa phòng để sửa điểm thi ở Sơn La" [Former police officer under investigation for opening room to alter exam scores in Son La.]. vnexpress.net (in Vietnamese). Archived from the original on 2025-01-18. Retrieved 2026-07-05.
  47. ↑ trí, Dân (2019-03-23). "Gian lận điểm thi chấn động Sơn La: Có thí sinh được nâng đến 26,55 điểm!" [Exam score manipulation scandal rocked Son La: One student's score was boosted by as much as 26.55 points!]. Báo điện tử Dân trí (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2026-07-05.
  48. ↑ "Tên ông Hoàng Tiến Đức được nhắc đến trong vụ gian lận thi ở Sơn La thế nào" [How was Mr. Hoang Tien Duc's name mentioned in connection with the exam cheating scandal in Son La?]. laodong.vn. Retrieved 2026-07-05.
  49. ↑ "Gian lận thi cử ở Sơn La: Giá nâng điểm mỗi trường hợp trung bình 1 tỉ đồng!" [Exam cheating scandal in Son La: The average price for raising scores per case was 1 billion VND!]. TUOI TRE ONLINE (in Vietnamese). 2019-05-25. Retrieved 2026-07-05.
  50. ↑ VnExpress. "Mánh sửa bài thi cho 44 thí sinh trong vụ gian lận điểm ở Sơn La" [The trick used to alter exam papers for 44 students in the Sơn La exam cheating scandal.]. vnexpress.net (in Vietnamese). Archived from the original on 2021-05-11. Retrieved 2026-07-06.
  51. ↑ Nguyễn Dương (15 July 2019). "Vụ gian lận thi cử Sơn La: 4 bị can khai nhận hơn 3 tỷ đồng để nâng điểm" [Son La exam cheating scandal: 4 defendants confess to receiving over 3 billion VND to inflate exam scores.]. Dân trí [vi] (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 12 July 2026.
  52. ↑ Thân Hoàng (18 November 2019). "Nhận tiền tỉ để nâng điểm nhưng 'không phải nhận hối lộ'" [Receiving billions of dong to raise exam scores but "not receiving bribes"]. Tuổi Trẻ (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 12 July 2026.
  53. ↑ baodientuvtv (2020-05-11). "Toàn cảnh vụ gian lận điểm thi THPT Quốc gia 2018 tại Hòa Bình" [Overview of the 2018 National High School Examination cheating scandal in Hoa Binh.]. Vietnam Television (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2026-07-06.
  54. ↑ Hùng, Nguyễn; My, Hà (2018-08-02). "Công an đang xác minh dấu hiệu bất thường về điểm thi ở Hòa Bình". Báo điện tử Dân trí (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2026-07-06.
  55. ↑ Trang, Quỳnh. "Công an xác minh bất thường trong điểm thi THPT quốc gia tại Hòa Bình" [Police investigate irregularities in national high school exam scores in Hoa Binh.]. vnexpress.net (in Vietnamese). Archived from the original on 2025-09-17. Retrieved 2026-07-06.
  56. ↑ Ngọc, D.; Thanh, H. (2018-08-03). "Vụ gian lận điểm thi ở Hòa Bình: Khởi tố, bắt 2 cán bộ" [Exam cheating scandal in Hoa Binh: Two officials prosecuted and arrested.]. Báo Người Lao Động Online (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2026-07-07.
  57. ↑ Hiên, Quý (March 11, 2019). "Gian lận điểm thi ở Hòa Bình: Có thí sinh được nâng khống 26,45 điểm" [Exam score manipulation in Hoa Binh: One student had their score artificially inflated by 26.45 points.]. Báo Thanh Niên (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2026-07-08.
  58. ↑ Lâm, Tùng (21 September 2019). "Gian lận thi cử ở Hòa Bình: Quá trình câu kết nâng điểm cho 65 thí sinh" [Exam cheating scandal in Hoa Binh: Collusion to inflate scores for 65 students.]. Báo điện tử VTC News (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2026-07-08.
  59. ↑ Chung, Đặng. "Số phận của 64 thí sinh bị phát hiện gian lận điểm thi ở Hòa Bình" [The fate of 64 students found to have cheated on their exams in Hoa Binh.]. laodong.vn. Retrieved 2026-07-08.
  60. ↑ "Vụ gian lận điểm thi ở Hòa Bình: Thí sinh trúng tuyển vào các trường CAND sẽ bị buộc thôi học" [Exam cheating scandal in Hoa Binh: Students admitted to police academies will be forced to drop out.]. Bảo Vệ Pháp Luật. 2019-03-13. Retrieved 2026-07-08.
  61. ↑ Lâm, Tùng (21 September 2019). "Gian lận thi cử ở Hòa Bình: Quá trình câu kết nâng điểm cho 65 thí sinh" [Exam cheating scandal in Hoa Binh: Collusion to inflate scores for 65 students.]. Báo điện tử VTC News (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2026-07-08.
  62. 1 2 Sơn, Thái (2019-09-20). "Gian lận thi ở Hòa Bình: Đề nghị truy tố 2 bị can đưa, nhận hối lộ" [Exam cheating scandal in Hoa Binh: Prosecution recommended for 2 suspects involved in giving and receiving bribes.]. Báo Thanh Niên (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2026-07-08.
  63. ↑ "Lạng Sơn: Rà soát 35 bài thi THPT quốc gia "cao bất thường"" [Lang Son: Reviewing 35 National High School Examination papers with "unusually high scores"]. VOV.VN (in Vietnamese). 2018-07-18. Archived from the original on 2024-06-21. Retrieved 2026-07-09.
  64. 1 2 Vĩnh Hà (2019-06-26). "Kể chuyện gian lận thi năm 2018 - Kỳ 3: Hoài nghi và sự thật" [Telling the story of exam cheating in 2018 - Part 3: Doubt and Truth]. TUOI TRE ONLINE (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2026-07-09.
  65. ↑ "Không phát hiện gian lận thi cử tại Lạng Sơn" [No exam cheating detected in Lang Son.]. baodongthap.vn. Retrieved 2026-07-09.
  66. ↑ "Thi THPT Quốc gia 2018 tại Lạng Sơn: 100% bài thi trắc nghiệm không thay đổi kết quả sau khi chấm thẩm định" [2018 National High School Examination in Lang Son: 100% of multiple-choice test results remain unchanged after re-evaluation.]. BAO DIEN TU VTV (in Vietnamese). 2018-07-21. Retrieved 2026-07-09.
  67. 1 2 Anh Vũ; Tư An (2019-10-02). "Xử lý 151 cán bộ, đảng viên liên quan sai phạm thi cử tại Hà Giang" [Disciplinary action taken against 151 officials and Party members involved in exam irregularities in Ha Giang.]. Báo Thanh Niên (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2026-07-09.
  68. ↑ Chí Tuệ (2019-10-25). "Vụ án gian lận thi ở Hà Giang: 8 năm tù cho người chủ mưu" [Exam cheating scandal in Ha Giang: 8 years in prison for the mastermind.]. TUOI TRE ONLINE (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2026-07-09.
  69. ↑ Thái Sơn (2020-02-27). "Vụ gian lận điểm thi ở Hà Giang: Bị cáo Triệu Thị Chính được giảm án" [Exam cheating scandal in Ha Giang: Defendant Trieu Thi Chinh receives reduced sentence.]. Báo Thanh Niên (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2026-07-09.
  70. ↑ "Kỷ luật 83 cán bộ, đảng viên liên quan vụ gian lận điểm thi THPT 2018 ở Sơn La" [2018 High School Exam Cheating Scandal in Son La: 83 Officials and Party Members Disciplined]. Tuổi Trẻ (in Vietnamese). 6 November 2019. Retrieved 9 July 2026.
  71. ↑ Thị Thùy Tiên, Vũ (17 April 2019). "Thêm 25 thí sinh gian lận điểm thi đến từ Sơn La bị trả về địa phương" [Another 25 students from Son La who cheated on their exams have been sent back to their hometowns.]. Người Đưa Tin (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2026-07-09.
  72. ↑ VnExpress. "Người nhận tiền nâng điểm thi ở Sơn La bị truy tố tới án tử hình" [The person who received money to inflate exam scores in Son La is being prosecuted and faces the death penalty.]. vnexpress.net (in Vietnamese). Archived from the original on 2021-12-06. Retrieved 2026-07-09.
  73. ↑ Việt Dũng. "Cựu sếp giáo dục Sơn La nhận hối lộ đối diện mức án tử hình" [Former Sơn La education official faces death penalty for accepting bribes.]. laodong.vn. Retrieved 2026-07-09.
  74. ↑ "Tuyên án 12 bị cáo trong vụ gian lận điểm thi tại Sơn La" [Twelve defendants sentenced in exam cheating case in Son La.]. Báo Hà Tĩnh (in Vietnamese). 2020-05-29. Retrieved 2026-07-09.
  75. ↑ Danh Trọng (2020-11-20). "Tuyên y án 4 người kháng cáo trong vụ gian lận điểm thi ở Sơn La" [The court upheld the sentences for four appeals in the exam cheating case in Son La.]. TUOI TRE ONLINE (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2026-07-09.
  76. ↑ Vũ Hà. "Tuyên án 15 bị cáo trong vụ gian lận điểm thi tại Hòa Bình" [Fifteen defendants sentenced in exam cheating case in Hoa Binh.]. Thanh tra Newspaper [vi] (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2026-07-10.
  77. ↑ Như Quỳnh; Tuấn Minh (2020-10-22). "Vụ gian lận điểm thi Hòa Bình: Cựu Trưởng phòng Công an tỉnh được giảm án" [Hoa Binh exam cheating scandal: Former lieutenant colonel and head of the provincial police department receives reduced sentence.]. Báo Người Lao Động Online (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2026-07-10.
  78. ↑ Trần Hảo (2020-05-21). "Tuyên án 15 bị cáo trong vụ gian lận thi cử ở Hòa Bình" [Fifteen defendants sentenced in exam cheating case in Hoa Binh.]. Nhân Dân (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2026-07-10.
  79. ↑ Minh Triết (2025-04-09). "Gian lận thi cử năm 2018: Nhiều cán bộ của Bộ Giáo dục thoát kỷ luật" [Exam cheating scandal in 2018: Many Ministry of Education officials escaped disciplinary action.]. Báo Công Luận (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2026-07-10.
  80. ↑ Văn Duẩn (1 June 2019). "Vụ gian lận thi cử kỳ thi THPT quốc gia 2018: Bộ trưởng Phùng Xuân Nhạ nhận trách nhiệm" [Exam cheating scandal in the 2018 National High School Graduation Exam: Minister Phung Xuan Nha accepts responsibility.]. Báo điện tử Dân Trí (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 11 July 2026.
  81. ↑ Mỹ Hà (31 December 2018). "Cơn "địa chấn" gian lận điểm thi năm 2018: Những con số gây sốc (Phần 2)". Dân trí Newspaper [vi] (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 11 July 2026.
  82. ↑ "Nâng điểm thi THPT: Ông Nhạ 'không thể không chịu trách nhiệm'" [Fixing the scores of the National High School Examination: Mr. Nha 'cannot escape responsibility']. BBC News Tiếng Việt (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2026-07-11.
  83. ↑ Kim Yến (14 August 2020). "ĐBQH Thái Trường Giang: chất vấn bộ trưởng bộ GD ĐT về vấn đề tiêu cực trong thi cử" [National Assembly representative Thai Truong Giang: questioning the Minister of Education and Training about negative issues in examinations]. National Assembly of Vietnam. Retrieved 11 July 2026.
  84. ↑ Tuấn Anh (2019-06-01). "Gian lận thi cử: Những sự kỳ lạ đến khó tin" [Exam cheating: Unbelievable and bizarre cases.]. Pháp Luật Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh Newspaper [vi] (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2026-07-11.
  85. ↑ "Có nên công khai danh tính phụ huynh trong vụ nâng điểm thi THPT Quốc gia 2018?" [Should the identities of parents involved in the 2018 National High School Graduation Exam score manipulation scandal be made public?]. Vietnam Television (in Vietnamese). 18 April 2019. Retrieved 2026-07-11.
  86. ↑ Dương Tâm (14 April 2019). "Chín tháng vạch trần mánh gian lận thi THPT quốc gia 2018" [Nine months to expose cheating in the 2018 national high school graduation exam.]. VnExpress (in Vietnamese). Archived from the original on 2026-07-05. Retrieved 2026-07-11.
  87. ↑ Công Luân, Hà (18 April 2019). "Công khai danh tính 15 thí sinh Hòa Bình trong bê bối gian lận thi THPT Quốc gia" [The identities of 15 students from Hoa Binh province involved in the National High School Examination cheating scandal have been revealed.]. Người Đưa Tin (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2026-07-11.
  88. ↑ Hoa Ban (18 April 2019). "Tiết lộ quan chức là phụ huynh của 44 thí sinh 'gian lận' ở Sơn La" [Officials revealed to be parents of 44 students involved in 'cheating' in Son La.]. Tiền Phong (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 11 July 2019.
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